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时间:2021-04-14
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1、UsingBlackboardSystemsforPolyphonicTranscriptionOutlineIntrotopolyphonictranscriptionIntrotoblackboardsystemsKeithMartin’sworkKunioKashino’sworkRecentcontributionsConclusionPolyphonicTranscriptionRepresentanaudiosignalasascoreMustsegregatenotesbelongingtodifferentvoicesProblems:variatio
2、nsoftimbrewithinavoice,voicecrossing,identificationofcorrectoctaveNosuccessfulgeneralpurposesystemtodateBlackboardSystems“Blackboard”isacentraldataspaceUsuallyarrangedinhierarchysothatinputisatlowestlevelandoutputisathighest“Experts”arecalled“knowledgesources”KSsgenerallyconsistofasetof
3、heuristicsandapreconditionwhosesatisfactionresultsinahypothesisthatiswrittenonblackboardEachKSformshypothesesbasedoninformationfromfrontendofsystemandhypothesespresentedbyotherKSsBlackboardSystemsProblemissolvedwhenallKSsaresatisfiedwithallhypothesesonblackboardtowithinagivenmarginoferr
4、orEliminatesneedforglobalcontrolmoduleEachKScanbeeasilyupdatedandnewKSscanbeaddedwithlittledifficultyCombinestop-downandbottom-upprocessingBlackboardSystemsMusichasanaturallyhierarchalstructurethatlendsitselfwelltoblackboardsystemsAllowintegrationofdifferenttypesofexpertise:signalproces
5、singKSsatlowlevelhumanperceptionKSsatmiddlelevelmusicalknowledgeKSsatupperlevelBlackboardSystemsLimitation:givingupperlevelKSstoomuchspecializedknowledgeandinfluencelimitsgeneralityoftranscriptionsystemsIdealsystemwouldnotuseknowledgeabovethelevelofhumanperceptionandthemostrudimentaryun
6、derstandingofmusicCurrenttrendistoincreasesignificanceofupper-levelmusicalKSsinordertoincreasesuccessrateKeithMartin(1996a)“ABlackboardSystemforAutomaticTranscriptionofSimplePolyphonicMusic”Usedablackboardsystemtotranscribeafour-voiceBachchoralewithappropriatesegregationofvoicesLimitedi
7、nputsignaltosynthesizedpianoperformancesGavesystemonlyrudimentarymusicalknowledge,althoughchoiceofBachchoraleallowedtheuseofgenerallyunacceptableassumptionsbylowerlevelKSsKeithMartin(1996a)Front-endsystemusedshort-timeFouriertransformoninputsignalEquivalenttoafilterbankthatisag
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