Ch33Externalities(中级微观经济学-北大-赵耀辉).ppt

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1、ChapterThirty-ThreeExternalitiesExternalitiesAnexternalityisacostorabenefitimposeduponaconsumerorafirmbyactionstakenbyothers.Thecostorbenefitisthusgeneratedexternallytotheconsumerorthefirm.Anexternallyimposedbenefitisapositiveexternality.Anexternallyimposedcostisanegativeexternality

2、.ExamplesofNegativeExternalitiesAirpollution.Waterpollution.Loudpartiesnextdoor.Trafficcongestion.Second-handcigarettesmokesufferedbyanon-smoker.Increasedhealthinsurancepremiaduetoalcoholortobaccoconsumption.ExamplesofPositiveExternalitiesAwell-maintainedpropertynextdoorthatraisesth

3、emarketvalueofyourownproperty.Apleasantcologneorscentwornbythepersonseatednexttoyou.Improveddrivinghabitsthatreduceaccidentrisks.Ascientificadvance.ExternalitiesandEfficiencyThecrucialfeatureofanexternalityisthatitimpactsathirdparty;thatis,somebodywhoisnotdirectlyaparticipantintheac

4、tivitywhichproducestheexternalcostorbenefit.ExternalitiesandEfficiencyExternalitiescauseParetoinefficiency;typicallytoomuchscarceresourceisallocatedtoanactivitywhichcausesanegativeexternalitytoolittleresourceisallocatedtoanactivitywhichcausesapositiveexternality.ExternalitiesandProp

5、ertyRightsAnexternalitywillbetakentobeapurelypubliccommodity.Acommodityispurelypublicifitisconsumedbyeveryone(nonexcludability),andeverybodyconsumestheentireamountofthecommodity(nonrivalryinconsumption).E.g.abroadcasttelevisionprogram.Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesConsideranexam

6、pleoftwoagents,AandB,andtwocommodities,moneyandsmoke.BothsmokeandmoneyaregoodsforAgentA.MoneyisagoodandsmokeisabadforAgentB.Smokeisapurelypubliccommodity.Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesAgentAisendowedwith$yA.AgentBisendowedwith$yB.Smokeintensityismeasuredonascalefrom0(nosmoke)to1

7、(maximumconcentration).Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOA10SmokemAyAMoneyandsmokearebothgoodsforAgentA.Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOA10SmokemAyAMoneyandsmokearebothgoodsforAgentA.BetterInefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOB10SmokemByBMoneyisagoodandsmokeisabadforAgentB.Bette

8、rInefficiency&Negat