sat ii 化学知识点,公式总汇

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1、BasicElectricCharges:ThediscoveryoftheelectronasthefirstsubatomicparticleiscreditedtoJ.J.ThomsonRobertMillikan(MillikanOilDropExperiment):Measurethechargeonanelectronusingtheapparatus.ErnestRutherford(Rutherford’sExperiment):Performagoldfoilexperimentthathadtremendousimplicationsforatomicstr

2、ucture.[AlphaParticles]MassNumber,Isotopes,andAtomicWeightAtomicnumber:thesmallestparticleofanelement;numberofprotonsinnucleus;identityofelementProtonsandneutronseachhavemassofroughly1atomicmassunit(amu).Electronshavepracticallynomass.Massnumber=protons+neutronsIsotopes:Twoatomsofthesameel

3、ementdifferinthenumberofneutrons(massnumber)intheirnuclei.Averageofthemassnumbers(doesnotappearontheperiodictable)iscalledtheatomicweight.Sublevelsandelectronconfiguration:Theconfigurationthatcorrespondstothelowestelectronicenergyiscalledthegroundstate.Anyotherconfigurationisanexcitedstate.22

4、6Example:thegroundstateconfigurationofthesodiumatomis1s2s2p3s,thefirstexcitedstateisobtainedbypromotinga3selectrontothe3porbital,to226obtainthe1s2s2p3pconfiguration.PeriodicTableProperties:Acid-formingpropertiesincreasefromlefttoright.Theatomicradiiofelementsdecreasefromlefttorightacrossaperi

5、odMetallicpropertiesaregreatestontheleftside.Firstionizationenergiesincreasefromlefttorightacrossaperiod.Electronegativityincreasefromlefttorightacrossaperiod.(HighestF4.0)EmpiricalFormula&molecularformulaAnempiricalformulashowstheratioofatomswithinamolecule.Molecularformulaofhydrogenperox

6、ideisH2O2.TheempiricalformulaforhydrogenperoxideisHO.QuantumTheoryBohrmodel:theincorrectideathatelectronsorbitthenucleusintrueorbitsHeisenbergprinciple:electronsarelocatedinorbitals,notorbitsOnecannotknowanelectron’spositionandmomentumatthesametimeDeBroglie’shypothesis:matter(includingelect

7、rons)canbethoughtofashavingpropertiesofbothaparticleandawaveIntramolecularForce[Strong]IonicBonds:Electronegativityvaluesoftwokindsofatomsdifferby1.7ormore.NonpolarCovalentBonds:Electronegativitydifferencebetweentwoatomsis0orver