国际市场营销课件英文版.ppt

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1、Chapter2TheGlobalEnvironmentofInternationalMarketingI.GATTandWTOII.TheInternationalMonetaryFundandWorldBankGroupIII.ProtestsagainstGlobalInstitutionsIV.GlobalMarketsandMultinationalMarketGroupsV.MarketinginaDevelopingCountryI. GATT1.     GATT(GeneralAgreementonTrad

2、eandTariffs)1947,Marrakech,MoroccoThreebasicelements:Tradeshallbeconductedonanondiscriminatorybasis.Protectionshallbeaffordedtodomesticindustriesthroughcustomstariffsratherthanquotas.ConsultationshallbetheprimarymethodusedtosolveglobaltradeproblemsMostimportantto

3、ol:MFNFourimportantexceptionstothekeyGATTprincipleofnon-discriminationDevelopedcountriescangivetariffpreferencetodevelopingcountries.Countriesenteringintoregionalfree-tradeagreementsdonotneedtoextendthepreferencesnegotiatedinthiscontextonanMFNbasis.Acountrycaninvo

4、ketemporary'safeguard'protectionofoneofitsindustriessufferingseriousinjuryduetoasurgeofimports.Temporaryquantitativerestrictionscanbeinvokedbyacountrywithseriousbalance-of-paymentproblems.(Thelattertwocasesaretemporaryexceptionsandapublicinvestigationhastobeunderta

5、kenforlimitedrelieffromGATTobligations.)Earlyinitsexistence,GATTachievedtheliberalizationoftradein50,000product,amountingtotwo-thirdofthetradevalueamongitsparticipants.Insubsequentyears,specialGATTnegotiationssuchastheKennedyRoundandTokyoRoundfurtherreducedtradebar

6、riersanddevelopedsettlementmechanisms,betterprovisionsDealingwithsubsidies,andamoreexplicitdefinitionofrulesforimportcontrols.AverageUStariffratefellfrom62%in1946to5.4%in2001.MostimportseitherenterUSdutyfreeoraresubjecttolowtariffs.Thehighesttariffsapplymainlyto

7、agri-foodandtobaccoproducts,aswellasclothing,textiles,andfootwear.Intheseindustries,tariffstendtoincreasewiththedegreeofprocessing.Startingwith24like-mindedgovernments,GATTwasdesignedtooperatebyconsensus.Withamembershipof144,thisconsensusruleoftenledtoastalema

8、teofmanyGATTactivities.Manynationsdevelopednewtoolsfordistortingtradeflow,non-tarifftoolsthatwerenotcoveredunderGATTrules.Examplesare“voluntary