国际经济学萨尔瓦多英文ppt课件.ppt

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1、Chapter8TradeRestrictions:TariffsIntroductionfreetrademaximizesworldoutputandbenefitsallnationsallnationsimposesomerestrictionsonthefreeflowofinternationaltraderestrictionsandrestrictionsdealwiththenation’stradeorcommerce:tradeorcommercialpoliciestermsofnationalwelfarevsadvocated

2、byspecialinterestgroupsbenefitingfromsuchrestrictions.IntroductionThemostimportanttype:tariffataxordutyleviedonthetradedcommodityasitcrossesanationalboundaryImporttariff:dutyontheimportedcommodityExporttariff:dutyontheexportedcommodityWhichismoreimportant?Introductionbydeveloping

3、countriesontheirtraditionalexports(Brazil:coffee)togetbetterpricesandraiserevenuesforeaseofcollectionIndustrialcountriesimposetariffsorothertraderestrictionstoprotectsome(L-intensive)industry,whileusingincometaxestoraiserevenuesTariffsTariffs:advalorem,specific,orcompoundadvalore

4、mtariff:afixedpercentageofthevalueofthetradedcommodity.specifictariff:afixedsumperphysicalunitofthetradedcommodity.compoundtariff:acombinationofanadvaloremandaspecifictariffAdValoremTariffA10percentadvaloremtariffonbicycles:??oneach$100importedbicycle??oneach$200importedbicycleSp

5、ecificTariffspecifictariffof$10onimportedbicycles:??oneach$100importedbicycle??oneach$200importedbicycleTariffscompounddutyof5percentadvaloremandaspecificdutyof$10onimportedbicycles??oneach$100importedbicycle??oneach$200importedbicycleTariffsUS:usestheadvaloremandthespecifictarif

6、fwithaboutequalfrequencyEuropeancountriesrelymainlyontheadvaloremtariffavaloremimporttariffisdiscussedTariffssharplyreducedsincetheendofWorldWarIIandnowaverage5percentorlessonindustrialproductsindevelopednations,butmuchhigherindevelopingnationsTradeinagriculturalcommoditiesisstil

7、lsubjecttorelativelyhightradebarriersComponentsanalyzetheeffectsofatariffonproduction,consumption,trade,andwelfareinthenationimposingthetariffandonitstradepartners.partialequilibriumanalysis(utilizingdemandandsupplycurves)morecomplexgeneralequilibriumanalysisusingproductionpossib

8、ilityfrontiersandcommunityindifferencecu