微生物对人类健康有很大的影响.doc

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1、IntroductiontoMicrobiologyMicrobeshavealargeimpactonhumanhealth(微生物對人類健康有很大的影響)※Microbescausemanyinfectiousdiseases.(微生物導致許多傳染病)※Vaccines,antibiotics,andmanyotheradvanceshavelessenedtheimpactofinfectiousdiseaseinthedevelopedworld,butinfectiousdiseaseinde

2、velopingcountriesishigh.(疫苗、抗生素以及許多其他的進步降低了傳染病對開發中地區的衝擊，但是發生在開發中國家的傳染病仍然偏高)※Newillnessescausedbymicroorganismscontinuetoemergeandknownpathogensarebecomingresistanttotreatment.(微生物所導致的新疾病持續出現，而且已知有許多病原體逐漸對醫療處理產生抗性)In1900intheUnitedStatestheinfantmortality

3、ratewasnear50%,mostlyduetochildhoodinfectiousdiseaseanduntilabout1930,microbeswerethemajorcauseofdeathinhumans.Fromtoday’sperspectivethisisahorrendous(可怕的)statistic(統計量),overhalfofallinfantsdidnotmakeittoadulthood!Withtheadventofantibiotics,vaccinesandbe

4、tterwatersanitation,humanityhasreducedtheimpactofpathogenicmicrobesindevelopedcountries,buttheywillalwaysremainanimportantsocialconcern.Thedisciplineofmicrobiologyemergedfromthestudyofthesediseases,andmostadvancesintreatingvariousailmentshadtheirrootsint

5、hisrelativelyyoungscience."Ancient"diseasescontinuetobeaproblemwherenutritionandsanitationarepoor,andemergingdiseasessuchasAcquiredImmunodeficiencySyndrome(AIDS)areevenmoredangerousforsuchpopulations.TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(theU.S.govern

6、mentagencychargedwithprotectingthehealthandsafetyofpeople)estimatesthatabout9%ofadultsbetweentheagesof18-49inSub-SaharanAfricaareinfectedwithHIV.Yet,AIDSisonlyoneofanumberofnewdiseasesthathaveemerged.Manyofthesediseaseshavenoknowncure.Influenzaandpneumon

7、iaareleadingkillersoftheelderlyevenintheU.S.andotherdevelopednations.Eventhecommoncoldcausesillnessandmiseryforalmosteveryoneanddrainstheproductivityofallnations.Manyofthenewdiseasesareviralinnature,makingthemnotoriouslydifficulttotreat.Surprisingly,many

8、diseasesthatwerepreviouslythoughttohaveonlybehavioralorgeneticcomponentshavebeenfoundtoinvolvemicroorganisms.Theclearestcaseisthatofulcers,whichwaslongthoughttobecausedbystressandpoordiet.Howeverthecausativeagentisactually