人文知识语言学部分.doc

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1、语言学知识一、基本框架语言学的研究主要包括两个方面：1．对语言本身的研究2．对语言和其他学科的交叉研究1)phoneticsphonology1.generallinguistics2)morphology3)syntax(thecoreoflinguistics)4)semanticslinguistics5)pragmatics2.sociolinguistics:thestudyoflanguageinsocialcontextspsycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguageinrelationtothemindappliedlinguistic

2、s:thestudyoflinguistictheoriesinrelationtolanguageteaching(inanarrowsense)…二、基本概念language1.language:asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(语言是人类用来交际的具有任意性的语音符号体系。)2.designfeatures(语言的结构/普遍特征)（proposedbyAmericanlinguist,CharlesHockett）:refertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlang

3、uagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.(指人类语言所具有的那些能将其与任何一种动物信息交流方法区别开来的本质性的特征。)larbitrariness(任意性):Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.lproductivity（多产性）:Languageiscreative.Mancanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhav

4、eneverheardbefore.lduality:twolevels:thesoundlevel---meaningless;thegrammaticallevel---meaningful.（二重性：无意义的语音和有意义的单位的组合；语言系统有两个结构：语音结构和语义结构）ldisplacement（移位）:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.(语言可被用来指已脱离说话人直指环境的语境)lculturaltransmission（文化传递）:thed

5、etailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedlinguistics1.linguistics:isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.thecoreoflinguistics:3.thebeginningofmodernlinguistics:markedbythepublication(1916)ofF.deSaussure’sbookCourseinGeneralLinguistic

6、sintheearly20thcentury.4.twomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication:speechandwriting5.someimportantdistinctionstwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudyprescriptive(规定性研究):Thelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviourinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatheyshou

7、ldnotsay.descriptive（描述性研究）:Thelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse。lModernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.synchronic(共时研究):Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.(以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象)diachro