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1、3.1Metalformingisoneofthefundamentalmanufacturingprocessinwhichplasticdeformationisusedtochangetheshapeofmetalworkpieces.Itplaysanimportantpartinmetallurgy,machinebuilding,power,autobile,railroad,aerospace,ship-building,weapon,chemical,electronics,instrumen
2、tandmetermakingandlightindustries.Amongmanufacturingprocesses,metalformingrepresentsahighlysignificantgroupofprocessesbothforproducingsemifinishedproductsaswellasforthemanufacturingofcomsumergoodsandmilitarycomponents.金属成型是一种用来改变金属工件的形状的塑性加工过程。金属成形在冶金、机械制造、
3、电力、汽车、铁路、航空、造船业、武器、化工、电子、仪器和仪表制造和轻工业起着重要的作用。在制造过程中，金属成型是一个非常重要既生产消费品又生产军用零部件半成品的生产制造过程组。5.1Extrusionisabulkformingprocessinwhichthebilletisforcedthroughadiebyusinghighpressure.Ittransformscastandhomogenizedbilletstorods,opensectionsandhollowsectionsbypressi
4、ngthebilletinthecontainerwitharamthroughadieinahydraulicpress.Partshaveconstantcross-section.挤压是一种塑性成形过程中通过高压使胚料受力被强迫通过模口。将棒状铸造胚料均质化，使用柱塞通过在液压机模具零件有恒定的横截面来通过压坯在容器开口截面空心型材。6.1Sheet-metalpartsareusuallymadebyformingmaterialinacoldcondition,althoughmanysheet-m
5、etalpartsareformedinahotconditionbecausethematerialwhenheatedhasalowerresistancetodeformation.钣金零件通常由材料形在低温条件下成型的，也有许多钣金零件在热的条件下形成，因为当加热时材料具有较低的抗变形性。2.1Metalheattreatmentprocessingisatechniqueforaddingcharacteristicsnecessaryformetalbyheatingandcoolingmetal
6、materialsormetalpartswithoutchangingtheproductshape.金属热处理是一个用于添加金属所需特性的加热和冷却金属材料的技术且金属零件不改变产品形态。Tolearnhowthermalprocessingcanalterphysicalandmechanicalproperties,ironanditsalloysteelcanbeusedasexamplesofferrousmetals.Beinganalloyofironandcarbon,steelisalso
7、allotropic,existinginseveralforms.要学会热处理可以改变的物理和机械性能，铁及其合金钢可用于有色金属的例子。是铁和碳的合金，钢也是同素异形体，以多种形式存在的。referring to the steel equilibrium diagram.it can be that above 727 steel is in a solid state with a structure called austenite ，or gamma iron ，a singlephase fcc
8、 solid solution.铁碳合金相图，它可以是727摄氏度以上的钢是具有结构的固体称为奥氏体或γ铁的单相催化裂化固溶体。the fcc unit cell of iron atoms contains interstices that are large enough for the small carbon atoms to occupy ,produing an interstitial
