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1、反渗透ReverseOsmosis基本原理FUNDAMENTALS过滤类型TypesofFiltration死端过滤DirectFiltration沙或多介质SandorMultiMedia滤筒Cartridge横流过滤CrossFlowFiltration反渗透ReverseOsmosis纳滤Nanofiltroation超滤UltraFiltration微滤MicroFiltration进水FeedWater产品水ProductWater垂直过滤DirectFiltration垂直过滤DirectFiltrationProdu
2、ct固体表面迅速形成过滤薄膜Solidsonsurfacequicklyfoulthemembrane反洗BackWash反洗水排放BackWashtoSewer垂直过滤进水FeedWater渗透水Permeate浓水Concentrate横流过滤CrossFlowFiltration横流过滤CrossFlowFiltration渗透水Permeate膜表面MembraneSurface浓差极化ConcentrationPolarization横流过滤CrossFlowFiltration需求记住的事项ThingstoRememb
3、er进水速度必须能保证固体杂质的移动Watervelocityofthefeedmustbesufficienttokeepthesolidsmoving.低流速会引起膜表面淤塞Lowwatervelocitywillallowthemembranesurfaceto“foul.”较高的水回收率（更高的水利用率）意味着较低的水流速Higherwaterrecoveries(greaterwaterutilization)meanslowerwatervelocity.过滤型谱TheFiltrationSpectrum横流过滤Cro
4、ssFlowFiltration反渗透ReverseOsmosis溶解的固体杂质DissolvedSolids纳滤Nanofiltration二价离子DivalentIons(Ca&Mg)超滤Ultrafiltration有机物和胶体Organics&Colloids微滤Microfiltration固体悬浮物SuspendedSolids渗透OsmosisOsmoticHead纯水PureWater浓溶液StrongSolutionH2OH2OH2O纯水水流PureWaterFlow平衡Equilibrium应用的压力Appli
5、edPressure,PFH2OH2OH2OStrongSolution平衡Equilibrium纯水PureWater渗透压力OsmoticPressure,PO,FOsmoticPressure,PO,P反渗透ReverseOsmosisAppliedPressure,PFH2OH2OH2OStrongSolution纯水水流PureWaterFlowPureWater渗透水压力PermeatePressure,PPOsmoticPressure,PO,FOsmoticPressure,PO,P净推动压NetDrivingPr
6、essure（NDP）OsmoticPressure,PO,P进水Feed渗透水PermeateAppliedPressure,PFPermeatePressure,PPOsmoticPressure,PO,FNDP净推动压NetDrivingPressureNDP=PF+PO,P-PP-PO,FAvailablePressureto“Drive”theProcess含盐水BrackishwaterPO,P=0各类化合物的渗透压OsmoticPressureofVariousCompounds渗透压OsmoticPressure1
7、00ppmSalt1PSIOsmoticPressure1000ppmNaCl=11.4psi1000ppmNaHCO3=12.8psi1000ppmSucrose=1.5psi35,000ppmSeawater=374psi»水中的杂质ImpuritiesinWater离子类的Ionic水中的杂质ImpuritiesinWater离子的Ionic阳离子阴离子Ca+2Cl-Mg+2NO3-Na+SO42-K+HCO3-Fe+3CO32-Mn+2SiO2Al3+NH4+PO43-水中的杂质ImpuritiesinWater离子的Io
8、nic非离子的NonIonicImpuritiesinWater离子的Ionic非离子的NonIonic有机物Organics酒精Alcohols酮Ketones醛Aldehydes苯酚PhenolsImpuritiesinWaterIonicNo
