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1、TractatusLogico-PhilosophicusbyLudwigWittgensteinPublished(1922)(Logisch-PhilosophischeAbhandlung(1921))Perhapsthisbookwillbeunderstoodonlybysomeonewhohashimselfalreadyhadthethoughtsthatareexpressedinit--oratleastsimilarthoughts.--Soitisnotatextbook.--Itspurpose
2、wouldbeachievedifitgavepleasuretoonepersonwhoreadandunderstoodit.Thebookdealswiththeproblemsofphilosophy,andshows,Ibelieve,thatthereasonwhytheseproblemsareposedisthatthelogicofourlanguageismisunderstood.Thewholesenseofthebookmightbesummedupthefollowingwords:what
3、canbesaidatallcanbesaidclearly,andwhatwecannottalkaboutwemustpassoverinsilence.Thustheaimofthebookistodrawalimittothought,orrather--nottothought,buttotheexpressionofthoughts:forinordertobeabletodrawalimittothought,weshouldhavetofindbothsidesofthelimitthinkable(i
4、.e.weshouldhavetobeabletothinkwhatcannotbethought).Itwillthereforeonlybeinlanguagethatthelimitcanbedrawn,andwhatliesontheothersideofthelimitwillsimplybenonsense.Idonotwishtojudgehowfarmyeffortscoincidewiththoseofotherphilosophers.Indeed,whatIhavewrittenheremakes
5、noclaimtonoveltyindetail,andthereasonwhyIgivenosourcesisthatitisamatterofindifferencetomewhetherthethoughtsthatIhavehadhavebeenanticipatedbysomeoneelse.IwillonlymentionthatIamindebtedtoFrege'sgreatworksandofthewritingsofmyfriendMrBertrandRussellformuchofthestimu
6、lationofmythoughts.Ifthisworkhasanyvalue,itconsistsintwothings:thefirstisthatthoughtsareexpressedinit,andonthisscorethebetterthethoughtsareexpressed--themorethenailhasbeenhitonthehead--thegreaterwillbeitsvalue.--HereIamconsciousofhavingfallenalongwayshortofwhati
7、spossible.Simplybecausemypowersaretooslightfortheaccomplishmentofthetask.--Mayotherscomeanddoitbetter.Ontheotherhandthetruthofthethoughtsthatareherecommunicatedseemstomeunassailableanddefinitive.Ithereforebelievemyselftohavefound,onallessentialpoints,thefinalsol
8、utionoftheproblems.AndifIamnotmistakeninthisbelief,thenthesecondthinginwhichtheofthisworkconsistsisthatitshowshowlittleisachievedwhentheseproblemaresolved.L.W.Vienna,
