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1、GrammarPastPerfect过去完成时1.Plinywroteaboutaterriblevolcaniceruptionthathehadwitnessedasayoungman.PresentationReadthesentencesandfindoutwhichactionhappenedbeforetheother.hadwitnessedwrotenow2.However,morethan1,600yearslater,somescientistsfoundthelosttownsthathadbeenburiedundertheash
2、es.hadbeenburiedfoundnow3.Beforetheeruptionoccurred,ithadbeenaboomingRomancity.4.ThebodiesofpeoplewhohaddiedinPompeiileftimpressionsintheash...occurredhadbeennownowhaddiedleftnowCanyousummarizearulethatcanexpressaneventthathappenedearlier,beforetheotherpastevent?pastsimpleWeuseth
3、ePastPerfect(过去完成时)totalkaboutaneventinthepastwhichhappenedbeforetheotherpastevent.构成:主语+had+v-edUsually,thepastperfectandthepastsimpleinonesentenceshowtheorderofpastevents.nowpastperfect1.过去的过去表示在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”过去完成式的过去时间常用以下四种方式表示1)用by、before引导的短语或从句bytheendo
4、f+表过去的时间bythetime+表过去时间的从句by+表过去的时间before+表过去的时间(从句)Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearnt2000words.Bythetimehewastwenty,hehadopenedashopofhisown.By1918,millionsofpeoplehadlosttheirlivesinthewar.Tomhadalreadyhadbreakfastbefore7o’clockthismorning.HehadtaughtEnglishfor3yearsbeforehecametoo
5、urschool.2)用when引导的状语从句rarely...when...scarcely...when...刚...就..;一...就...hardly...when...nosooner...than...ThebushadleftwhenIgottothestation.Ihadhardlyarrivedhomewhenthetelephonerang.Nosooner/Hardlyhadhelefttheofficethanitbegantorain.3)用于主句为过去时态的宾语从句中Sb.said/knew/told/asked...Hes
6、aidhehadneverbeentoAmerica.Theteacheraskedwhohadbrokethecup.4)用于句型“主语+had+p.p+since+从句/时间状语”、“It+was/hadbeen+一段时间+since从句”和“This/That/It+wasthefirst/second...time+that从句”Wehadknowneachothersincehecamehere.Itwasfiveyearssincetheyhadbecomegoodfriends.Itwasthethirdtimethathehadmadet
7、hesamemistake.2.表愿望、打算一类的词，如hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等,其过去完成时表示未曾实现的愿望或意图。Ihadmeanttohelpyou,butIwasbusyatthemoment.3.表过去的动作/状态延续到过去某一时间，常与for/since引导的时间状语连用。Hehadwaitedhisgirlfriendforanhourbeforesheturnedup.4)用于定语从句、虚拟语气和as/than引导的方式/比较状语中IfoundthebookwhichIhad
8、lost.Ifhehadcaughttheearlybus,hewouldnot
