西方语言学简史2.ppt

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1、SelectedReadingsforaBriefHistoryofWesternLinguisticsRevisionofthelastsectionWhat’sthescientificstudyoflanguage?aninvestigationbasedoncontrolledandempiricallyverifiableobservations,governedbysomegeneraltheoryoflanguage-structure.语言学是在某一关于语言结构的理论指导下，对语言进行的（研究过程）可控的、实证性的调查研究，且（其研究结果）是可验证的。What’sla

2、nguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.TerminologyCratylus《克拉底洛篇》onomatopoeiaonomatopoeicsound-symbolismnaturalist&conventionalistStoicphilosophers斯多葛学派哲学家etymologymetaphoranalogy&anomalysynonymyhononymy1.TryingtograsptheAncientGreekphilosophicaloriginsoftraditi

3、onalgrammar,orrather,modernlinguistics.2. Aclearmapoftheargumentconcerningthedebatewhether"nature/convention"or "analogy/anomaly" governslanguages3.Understandingthecorrespondingrelationsbetweennatureandanomaly,conventionandanalogy.Teachinggoalofthissection1.2.1Philosophicaloriginsoftraditionalgr

4、ammarTraditionalgrammar,tracedbacktoGreeceof500B.C.,isapartofa“philosophy”,inquiringintothenatureoftheworldandoftheirownsocialinstitutions.1,自然哲学时期：世界本原问题。反对神话创世说。认为世界本原是物质性的东西。2.人本主义和系统哲学时期：雅典为中心。讨论重点是人。并建立了庞大的哲学体系。智者学派、柏拉图、亚里士多德时期。3.希腊化和罗马哲学时期：亚历山大城为中心。讨论重点转移到伦理方面，如人生的目的是什么，幸福是什么等问题。拉斐尔《雅典学园》，

5、描绘古希腊哲学家们在一起探讨哲学问题NatureandConventionTheGreekphilosophersdebatedwhetherlanguagewasgovernedby“nature”or“convention”.Tosaythataparticularinstitutionwas“natural”wastoimplythatithaditsoriginineternalandimmutableprinciplesoutsidemanhimselfandwasthereforeinviolable.Tosaythataparticularinstitutionwas“c

6、onventional”impliedthatitwasmerelytheresultofcustomandtradition.(thatis,ofsometacitagreement,or“socialcontract”amongthemembersofthecommunity——acontractwhich,sinceitwasmadebymen,couldbebrokenbymen.Inthediscussionoflanguage,thedistinctionof“nature“and“convention”wasmadetoturnprincipallyupontheques

7、tionwhethertherewasanynecessaryconnectionbetweenthemeaningofawordanditsform.Cratylus,theextremeadherentsofthe“naturalist”school,maintainedthatallwordswereindeed“naturally”appropriatelytothethingstheysignified.Greekphilosophe