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1、MiddleEnglish（1150—1500）刘宇林17数院Threedistinctperiods!-theNormaninvasion（诺曼征服）-Ascendance（支配）ofEnglish-Triumph（凯旋）,periodofChaucer（乔叟，第一位英国诗人）NormanConquest(until1204)Themostcataclysmic（重大变动）eventinthehistoryofEnglish.Frenchinvasion(politicallyandlinguistically)
2、AscendanceofEnglish(1204-1348)Norman-Frenchloststatus--mockedbyParisianFrenchspeakersCrusadesbroughtspeakersofvariousEnglishdialectstogether.note：crusade十字军东征Triumph(1348-1509)BlackDeath:lowerclassEnglishspeakersgainedeconomicclout.HunderdYearsWarwithFrance:al
3、lFrenchholdingslost.note：BlackDeath黑死病（14世纪蔓延欧亚两洲的鼠疫）ResultEnglishsupplanted（代替）French--butwithamassiveinflux（大量汇集）ofFrenchvocabulary.Afterknowingthese,let'stalkaboutthePhonological（音韵学）processesduringtheMiddleEnglish.1.HomorganiclengtheningVowelswerelengthene
4、dbefore/ld/,/mb/,/nd/,/rd/,probablyalso/ŋɡ/,/rl/,/rn/,whennotfollowedbyathirdconsonantortwoconsonantsandtwosyllables.当/ld/,/mb/,/nd/,/rd/,/ŋɡ/,/rl/,/rn/后面没有跟着第三个辅音或者两个辅音和两个音节时，他们前面的元音要延长读音。note：vowel元音syllable音节consonant辅音Homorganic发音部位相同的e.g.(remnants（残留）into
5、day'sEnglish)child/tʃaɪld/children/'tʃɪldrən/old/əʊld/(BrE)alderman/'ɔːldəmən/ThisprobablyoccurredaroundAD1000.Lateron,manyofthesevowelswereshortenedagain;butevidencefromtheOrmulumshowsthatthislengtheningwasoncequitegeneral.note：TheOrmulumisatwelfth-centurywor
6、kofbiblicalexegesis（注释）,writtenbyamonk（僧人）namedOrmandconsistingofjustunder19,000linesofearlyMiddleEnglishverse.（诗）2.stressedvowelchanges/æː/(fromOldEnglish/æː,æɑ/)and/ɑː/became/ɛː/and/ɔː/,respectively./æ/(fromOldEnglish/æ,æ̆ɑ̆/)and/ɑ/merged(合并）into/a/.Newdipht
7、hongs（双元音）formedfromvowelsfollowedby/w/or/j/.note:stressed重读attention：differfromtoday'sdiphthongsandvowels.3.Trisyllabiclaxing(松)define:Shorteningofstressedvowelswhentwosyllablesfollowed.当后面跟着两个音节的时候，前面的元音缩短。note：tri-三的trisyllabic三音节的e.g.(remnantsintoday'sEngl
8、ish)south/saʊθ/southern/'sʌð(ə)n/divine(神圣)/dɪ'vaɪn/divinity/dɪ'vɪnɪtɪ/Thisresultsinpronunciationvariants（变异）inModernEnglish.4.ReductionandlossSomeunstressedvowelsmergedinto/ə/.Sta
