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1、强度量：intensivepropertiesdonotdependonmass（e,g,p,ρ,ν=1/ρ,uandh）,extensivepropertiesdependonthetotalmassofthesystem（e,g,V,M,U,andH）.Uppercaselettersareusuallyusedforextensiveproperties.准平衡：equilibrium：statesofasystemaremostconvenientlydescribedwhenthesystemisinequilibrium
2、,i.e.itisinsteady-state.Oftenwewillconsiderprocessthatchange“slowly”-termedquasi-equilibriumorquasi-staticprocess.Aprocessisquasi-equilibriumifthetimerateofchangeoftheprocessisslowrelativetothetimeittakesforthesystemtoreachthermodynamicequilibrium.Itisnecessarythatasys
3、tembequasi-equilibriumbeforeapplyingmanyofthethermodynamicsrelationstothatsystem.热力学第一二定律：Insimplestterms,thelawofthermodynamicsdictatethespecificforthemovementofheatandwork.Basically,theFirstLawofThermodynamicisastatementoftheconservationofenergy-theSecondLawisastatem
4、entaboutthedirectionofthatconservation-andtheTiredLawisastatementaboutreachingabsoluteZero.Thefirstlawofthermodynamicisastatementoftheprincipleofconservationofenergy.Itcanalsobeconsideredasdefiningaproperty,theinternalenergy.TheSecondlawofThermodynamicstatesthatinallen
5、ergyexchanges,ifnoenergyentersorleavesthesystem,thepotentialenergyofthestatewillalwaysbelessthanthatoftheinitialstates.Thisisalsocommonlyreferredtoasentropy.举例说明热力学定律应用：acupofhotcoffeeleftonatableeventuallycools,butacupofcoolcoffeeinthesameroomnevergetshotbyitself.Theh
6、igh-temperatureenergyofthecoffeeisdegraded(transformedintoalessusefulformatalowertemperature)onceitistransferredtothesurroundingair.Anordinaryhouseis,insomerespects,anexhibitionhallfilledwithwomdersofthermodynamics.Manyordinaryhouseholdutensilsandapplicancesaredesigned
7、,inwholeorinpart,byusingtheprinciplesofthermodynamics.Someexamplesincludetheelectricorgasrange,theheatingandair-conditionsystems,therefrigerator,thehumidifier,thepressurecooker,thewaterheater,theiron,andeventhecomputer,andtheTV.Onalargescale,thermodynamicsplaysamajorpa
8、rtinthedesignandanalysisofautomotiveengines,rockets,jetengine,andconventionalornuclearpowerplans,solarcollectors,andt
