语言测试基础课件.ppt

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1、LanguageTestingBasicprinciples7/28/20212Tounderstandtheneedfortesttheory,itisfirstnecessarytounderstandsomethingaboutthefundamentalnatureofmeasurement,constructs,andpsychologicaltests.7/28/20213Whataretheymeasuring?Height&weight?physicalattributespsychologicalattributes7/28/20214Unl

2、ikephysicalattributes,thepsychologicalattributesofanindividualcannotbemeasureddirectlyascanheightorweight.Theyarehypotheticalconcepts-productsoftheinformedscientificimaginationofsocialscientistswhoattempttodeveloptheoriesforexplaininghumanbehavior.Theexistenceofsuchconstructscanneve

3、rbeabsolutelyconfirmed.Thedegreetowhichanypsychologicalconstructcharacterizesanindividualcanonlybeinferredfromobservationsofhisorherbehavior.WhatisMeasurementMeasurementinthesocialsciencesistheprocessofquantifyingthecharacteristicsofpersonsaccordingtoexplicitproceduresandrules.Quant

4、ification:assignnumbersCharacteristics:physicalandmentalcharacteristicsofpersons(abilities/construct)Proceduresandrules:replicable,forotherobservers,inothercontextsandwithotherindividuals.7/28/20216Awell-knownclassificationofmeasurementscalesisgivenbyStevens(1951).Thesemeasurementsc

5、alesare:1.thenominalscaleOnthenominalscaleobjectsareclassifiedaccordingtoacharacteristic.Anexample:onecanclassifypersonswithrespecttosex,haircolor,etc.2.theordinalscaleAnordinalscalecomprisesthenumberingofdifferentlevelsofanattributethatareorderedwithrespecttoeachother.Example:indiv

6、idualsareranked‘first’,‘second’,‘third’andsoon.3.theintervalscaleAnintervalscaleisanumberingofdifferentlevelsinwhichthedistances,orintervals,betweenthelevelsareequal.4.theratioscaleTheratioscalehasanaturaloriginaswellasequalintervals.Lengthinmetersandweightinkilogramsaredefinedonara

7、tioscale;soistemperatureontheKelvinscale.Ratioscalesarerelativelyrareinpsychologybecauseofthedifficultyofdefiningazeropoint.Howwouldpersonslooklikewithzerointelligence?MeasurementScalesWhatisTest?Carroll(1968):apsychologicaloreducationaltestisaproceduredesignedtoelicitcertainbehavio

8、rfromwhichonecanmak