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1、《世界贸易组织概论》 英文部分Chapter1OVERVIEW:WTOandGATT1.WhatistheWorldTradeOrganizationTheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)istheonlyinternationalbodydealingwiththerulesoftradebetweennations.AtitsheartaretheWTOagreements,negotiatedandsignedbythebulkoftheworld'stradingnations.Thesed
2、ocumentsprovidethelegalground-rulesforinternationalcommerce.Theyareessentiallycontracts,bindinggovernmentstokeeptheirtradepolicieswithinagreedlimits.Althoughnegotiatedandsingedbygovernments,thegoalistohelpproducersofgoodsandservices,exporters,andimportersconductt
3、heirbusiness.TheWTO’screationon1January1995markedthebiggestreformofinternationaltradesinceaftertheSecondWorldWar.Italsobroughttoreality—inanupdatedform—thefailedattempttocreateanInternationalTradeOrganizationin1948.2.GATT:abriefhistorya.TheGeneralAgreementonTarif
4、fsandTradeTowardstheendoftheSecondWorldWar,anumberofinternationalnegotiationsweresetinmotioninordertocreateinstitutionalstructuresfortheconductofinternationalrelationsinthepostwarworld.OneofthemostimportantnegotiatingprocessesatthetimewastheUnitedNationsConferenc
5、eonTradeandEmployment,heldinHavana,Cuba,in1947,afterlengthypreparatorystagesinNewYork,LondonandGeneva.AttheendofthisConference,theHavanaCharterfortheInternationalTradeOrganizationwasadopted.Forvariousreasons,includingthefailureoftheUnitedStatestoratifyit,theHavan
6、aCharterneverenteredintoforce.AspartofthenegotiationsontheHavanaCharter,agroupofcountriesengagedintariffnegotiationsandin1947agreedonsubstantialtariffreductions.b.AprovisionalsetofrulesPendingtheentryintoforceoftheHavanaCharter,amechanismwasneededtoimplementandpr
7、otectthetariffconcessionsnegotiatedin1947.Todoso,itwasdecidedtotaketheChapteronCommercialPolicyoftheHavanaCharterandconvertit,withcertainadditions,intotheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT).TobringtheGATTintoforcequickly,aProtocolofPro-visionalApplicationwasd
8、eveloped.Thus,theGATTwasborn,asaprovisionalagreementuntilsuchtimeastheHavanaCharterwouldberatified.TheProtocolofProvisionalApplicationstatedthatthegovernmentsi
