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1、Unit3ComputerLanguageandProgrammingSectionAProgrammingLanguageIntroductionProgramminglanguages,incomputerscience,aretheartificiallanguagesusedtowriteasequenceofinstructions(acomputerprogram)thatcanberunbyacomputer.Similartonaturallanguages,suchasEnglish,programminglanguageshaveavocabu
2、lary,grammar,andsyntax.However,naturallanguagesarenotsuitedforprogrammingcomputersbecausetheyareambiguous,meaningthattheirvocabularyandgrammaticalstructuremaybeinterpretedinmultipleways.Thelanguagesusedtoprogramcomputersmusthavesimplelogicalstructures,andtherulesfortheirgrammar,spelli
3、ngandpunctuationmustbeprecise.Programminglanguagesvarygreatlyintheirsophisticationandintheirdegreeofversatility.Someprogramminglanguagesarewrittentoaddressaparticularkindofcomputingproblemorforuseonaparticularmodelofcomputersystem.Forinstance,programminglanguagessuchasFORTRANandCOBOLw
4、erewrittentosolvecertaingeneraltypesofprogrammingproblems-FORTRANforscientificapplications,andCOBOLforbusinessapplications.FORTRAN:FORTRAN语言，公式翻译程序语言（FormulaTranslation的缩写）。COBOL:COBOL语言，面向商业的通用语言（CommonBusiness-OrientedLanguage的缩写）Althoughtheselanguagesweredesignedtoaddressspecificca
5、tegoriesofcomputerproblems,theyarehighlyportable,meaningthattheymaybeusedtoprogrammanytypesofcomputers.Otherlanguages,suchasmachinelanguages,aredesignedtobeusedbyonespecificmodelofcomputersystem,orevenbyonespecificcomputerincertainresearchapplications.Themostcommonlyusedprogramminglan
6、guagesarehighlyportableandcanbeusedtoeffectivelysolvediversetypesofcomputingproblems.LanguageslikeC,PASCAL,andBASICfallintothiscategory.LanguageTypesProgramminglanguagescanbeclassifiedaseitherlow-levellanguagesorhigh-levellanguages.Low-levelprogramminglanguages,ormachinelanguages,aret
7、hemostbasictypeofprogramminglanguagesandcanbeunderstooddirectlybyacomputer.Machinelanguagesdifferdependingonthemanufacturerandmodelofcomputer.High-levellanguagesareprogramminglanguagesthatmustfirstbetranslatedintoamachinelanguagebeforetheycanbeunderstoodandprocessedbyacomputer.Example
8、sofhi
