自考英语语言学 (week 2 )课件.ppt

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1、英语语言学2014.916Chapter2PhonologyLanguageisprimarilyvocal.Theprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds----soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.Thephonicmediumoflanguage语言的声音媒介Phonetics语音（学）；发音学；语音学Phonology音韵学

2、，语音体系,音系学Phonetics----Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription,e.g.[p]bilabial,stop.ThreebranchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeak

3、ersproducespeechsounds”发音语音学发音语音学描述了我们的发音器官如何发出语音，以及这些语音为何有所不同。Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”听觉语音学听觉语音学研究语音的物理性质，得出了重要结论，即语音同一只是理论上的理想。Acousticphonetics----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanot

4、her.声学语音学声学语音学研究语音的物理性质，研究语音从说话者到听话者之间的传播方式。Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学描述了我们的发音器官如何发出语音，以及这些语音为何有所不同。Speechorgans:threeimportantareasPharyngealcavity----thethroat;咽腔Theoralcavity----themouth;口腔...–greatestsourceofmodificationofairstreamfoundhereNasalcavity----the

5、nose鼻腔ThediagramofspeechorgansLipsTeethTeethridge(alveolar)Hardpalate硬腭Softpalate(velum)Uvula小舌TipoftongueBladeoftongueBackoftongueVocalcords声带PharyngealcavityNasalcavityOrthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds语音的书写形式－宽式和窄式音标----Astandardizedandinternationallyac

6、ceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.Broadtranscription----usedindictionaryandtextbookforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics,e.g.clear[l],[pit]Narrowtranscripti

7、on----usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics,e.g.dark[l],aspirated[p]example：对pit/spit中p音的比较：pit中的p是送气音，在窄式音标中标为上标，写作：[phi]spit中的p是不送气音，在宽式音标中不作标示，写作：[spit]对leaf/feel/build/health中l音的比较：Leaf中l在元音前，叫清晰音，在宽式音标中不作标示，写作：[li:f]Feel中l出现在单词结尾，叫模糊音，在窄式音标中加变音符号[

8、~]Build中l出现在另一个辅音前，也叫模糊音，在窄式音标中也加变音符号[~]Health中l出现在齿音前，受其影响叫齿音[l]，在窄式音标中加变音符号[II]Somemajorarticulatoryvariables----dimensionsonwhichspeechsoundsmayvary:Voicing----voi