微观经济学-第二章 需求和供给剖析课件.ppt

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1、第二章需求和供给Demand－Supply一、微观经济学鸟瞰二、需求曲线三、供给曲线四、供求均衡五、经济模型六、弹性七、运用供求曲线的事例八、蛛网模型微观经济学第2章1延边大学金龙勋TheCircular-FlowDiagramFirmsHouseholdsMarketforFactorsofProductionMarketforGoodsandServicesSpendingRevenueWages,rent,andprofitIncomeGoods&ServicessoldGoods&Service

2、sboughtLabor,land,andcapitalInputsforproductionTheCircular-FlowDiagramHouseholdsBuyandconsumegoodsandservicesOwnandsellfactorsofproductionFirmsProduceandsellgoodsandservicesHireandusefactorsofproductionTheCircular-FlowDiagramMarketsforFactorsofProduction

3、HouseholdssellFirmsbuyMarketsforGoods&ServicesFirmssellHouseholdsbuyTheCircular-FlowDiagramFactorsofProductionInputsusedtoproducegoodsandservicesLand,labor,andcapital1.微观经济学的基本假设市场出清：市场上的供求均衡，无资源闲置Clearingmarket商品价格具有充分的灵活性，能使需求和供给迅速达到均衡的市场。能迅速获得各种信息perf

4、ectinformation有限度的理性(boundedrational)完全理性：个体的最优化行为EconomicMan完全信息2.市场经济应具备的条件价格机制调节经济的条件各经济单位作为独立的经济实体存在存在市场市场竞争的完全性与公平性价格的作用（对经济的调节作用）作为指示器反映市场的供求状况；调节需求和供给；使资源配置达到最优状态。企业是独立的经济单位生产要素可以自由流动价格调节经济3.价格机制TheMarketForcesofSupplyandDemandSupplyanddemandaret

5、hetwowordsthateconomistsusemostoften.Supplyanddemandaretheforcesthatmakemarketeconomieswork.Modernmicroeconomicsisaboutsupply,demand,andmarketequilibrium.MarketsAmarketisagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice.Thetermssupplyanddemandrefertothe

6、behaviorofpeople...astheyinteractwithoneanotherinmarkets.MarketsBuyersdeterminedemand.Sellersdeterminesupply.MarketType:ACompetitiveMarketAcompetitivemarketisamarket...withmanybuyersandsellers.thatisnotcontrolledbyanyoneperson.inwhichanarrowrangeofprices

7、areestablishedthatbuyersandsellersactupon.Competition:PerfectandOtherwiseProductsarethesameNumerousbuyersandsellerssothateachhasnoinfluenceoverpriceBuyersandSellersarepricetakersPerfectCompetitionCompetition:PerfectandOtherwiseMonopolyOneseller,andselle

8、rcontrolspriceOligopolyFewsellersNotalwaysaggressivecompetitionCompetition:PerfectandOtherwiseMonopolisticCompetitionManysellersSlightlydifferentiatedproductsEachsellermaysetpriceforitsownproductDemandQuantitydemandedisthe