博弈论9-2. Cheap Talk 与直接显示机制.ppt

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1、CheapTalk“以上信息仅供参考”嗨！留神2021/9/201，大连，大连空谈博弈概念例分析设计2021/9/202张醒洲，大连概念：CheapTalkvs.Signaling一种面向特定对象、直接的、低成本的交流无约束力（无法查证，无义务）观点的（口头）交流。CheapTalk可以影响他人的观点/看法，以至于行动；言论、观点，交流手段与过程是低成本的，它们不直接影响参与交流的主体的收益；空谈有别于信号（发送与接受）2021/9/203张醒洲，大连例中央银行的政策表态vs公开市场业务表态会起作用，但不能精确计算；习惯性提示“嗨！小心汽车”；免责申明，道义劝告？“以上信息

2、仅供参考”“股市有风险，入市需谨慎！”网络评论与留言跟帖……onemore,please!2021/9/204张醒洲，大连CheapTalk:why,howISSUES分析特定环境中空谈博弈的效果；如何设计一个环境，以便发挥空谈博弈的优势；在某些机制下，自利的立法者之间的争论，可以提高法案的社会价值；？网络辩论……工会可以提高社会福利，因为工会可以提高工人与管理层之间的沟通2021/9/205张醒洲，大连空谈如何起作用？信号博弈所有类型的信号发送者对接收者可能的行动有相同的偏好所有工人都希望高工资，无论其能力高低发现发送者偏好的一致性会影响空谈的作用条件（必要性）空谈者偏好不

3、同；接收者对不同类型发送者采取不同的反应2021/9/206张醒洲，大连CheapTalkGame:timing2021/9/207张醒洲，大连CheapTalkGame:Paymentinformation:messagevs.signalThekeyfeatureofsuchacheap-talkgameisthatthemessagehasnodirecteffectoneithertheSender'sortheReceiver'spayoff.Theonlywaythemessagecanmatteristhroughitsinformationcontent:b

4、ychangingtheReceiver'sbeliefabouttheSender‘stype,amessagecanchangetheReceiver'saction,andthusindirectlyaffectbothplayers'payoffs.2021/9/208张醒洲，大连CheapTalkGame:messagespaceSincethesameinformationcanbecommunicatedindifferentlanguages,differentmessagespacescanachievethesameresults.Thespiritofc

5、heaptalkisthatanythingcanbesaid,butformalizingthiswouldrequireMtobeaverylargeset.Instead,weassumethatMis(just)richenoughtosaywhatneedstobesaid;thatis,M=T.2021/9/209张醒洲，大连perfectBayesianequilibriumBecausethesimplestcheap-talkandsignalinggameshavethesametiming,thedefinitionsofperfectBayesiane

6、quilibriuminthetwogamesareidenticalaswell:{messagingstrategy,actionstrategy，beliefaboutthetypeofthespeaker}，4conditions2021/9/2010张醒洲，大连perfectBayesianequilibrium:Pooling,SeparatingOnedifferencebetweensignalingandcheap-talkgames,however,isthatinthelatterapoolingequilibriumalwaysexists.Becau

7、semessageshavenodirecteffectontheSender‘spayoff,iftheReceiverwillignoreallmessagesthenpoolingisabestresponsefortheSender;becausemessageshavenodirecteffectontheReceiver’spayoff,iftheSenderispoolingthenabestresponsefortheReceiveristoignoreallmessages.Thein