经济增长与国际贸易课件.ppt

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1、Chapter10InternationalTradeandEconomicGrowthThereisagreatdiversityamongthedevelopingcountriesintermsoftheirincomepercapita.Whyaresomecountriessomuchpoorerthanothers?Forabout30yearsafterWorldWarIItradepoliciesinmanydevelopingcountrieswerestronglyinfluencedbyt

2、hebeliefthatthekeytoeconomicdevelopmentwascreationofastrongmanufacturingsector.Thebestwaytocreateastrongmanufacturingsectorwasbyprotectingdomesticmanufacturersfrominternationalcompetition.IntroductionIntroductionTable1:GrossDomesticProductPerCapita,1999(doll

3、ars)Definition&TypesofGrowthDefinitionofGrowthIncreasesinfactorendowmentsFactor-savingtechnologicalprogressTypesofGrowthBalancedGrowthBiasedGrowth:ImportReplacing(IR)GrowthExportExpanding(EE)GrowthExample:China——laborabundant,Rice:labor-intensive,Steel:capit

4、al-intensiveExportrice&ImportsteelThebalancedgrowth——bothindustriesgrowatthesamerate.SteelRiceBalancedGrowthIRGrowth“进口替代型增长”指的是进口替代行业的生产能力增长得比较快，从而使得国内生产增加，一部分原来进口的商品被国内的产品替代了。SteelRiceFromWorldWarIIuntilthe1970smanydevelopingcountriesattemptedtoacceleratet

5、heirdevelopmentbylimitingimportsofmanufacturedgoodstofosteramanufacturingsectorservingthedomesticmarket.Themostimportanteconomicargumentforprotectingmanufacturingindustriesistheinfantindustryargument.Import-SubstitutingIndustrializationImport-SubstitutingInd

6、ustrializationTheInfantIndustryArgumentItstatesthatdevelopingcountrieshaveapotentialcomparativeadvantageinmanufacturingandtheycanrealizethatpotentialthroughaninitialperiodofprotection.Itimpliesthatitisagoodideatousetariffsorimportquotasastemporarymeasurestog

7、etindustrializationstarted.Example:TheU.S.andGermanyhadhightariffratesonmanufacturinginthe19thcentury,whileJapanhadextensiveimportcontrolsuntilthe1970s.Import-SubstitutingIndustrializationProblemswiththeInfantIndustryArgumentItisnotalwaysgoodtotrytomovetoday

8、intotheindustriesthatwillhaveacomparativeadvantageinthefuture.Example:Inthe1980sSouthKoreabecameanexporterofautomobiles,whereasinthe1960sitscapitalandskilledlaborwerestillveryscarce.Protectingma