环境经济学课件.ppt

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1、FundamentalsofEnvironmentalEconomicsWeiqiCHEN（陈伟琪）EnvironmentalScienceResearchCenterXiamenUniversityChapter3BenefitsandCosts,SupplyandDemandChapter4EconomicEfficiencyandMarketsChapter5TheEconomicsofEnvironmentalQualitySECTION2:ANALYTICALTOOLSThissectioncoverssomeofthebasicideasofeconomi

2、csandoftheirapplicationtoenvironmentalmatters.thepurpose:todevelopasetof"analyticaltools"------usetofocusonissuesofenvironmentalqualityChapter3BenefitsandCosts,SupplyandDemandInthischapterwecovercertainbasictoolsofmicroeconomics------useinanalyzingenvironmentalimpactsandpoliciesAkeyaspe

3、ctofaneconomicapproachtodecisionmakingistheevaluationofthebenefitsandcostsofanyaction.economicactions,includingenvironmentalactions------havetwosides:createvalueencountercostsevaluate/trade-offsWILLINGNESSTOPAYDemandAGGREGATEDEMAND/WILLINGNESSTOPAYBENEFITSCOSTOpportunityCostCostCurvesTh

4、eShapesofCostCurvesTECHNOLOGYTHEEQUIMARGINALPRINCIPLEMARGINALCOSTANDSUPPLYWILLINGNESSTOPAYThevaluesideofouranalysisisbasedonthefundamentalnotion:------individualshavepreferencesforgoodsandservices;givenachoicetheycanexpresspreferencesforonegoodoveranother,oronebundleofgoodsoveranotherbu

5、ndleThevalueofagoodtosomebodyiswhatheiswillingtopayforit.howmuchapersoniswillingtopaytoobtainsomegoodorservice,orsomeenvironmentalasset------it’spartlyaquestionofindividualvaluesexamplestheCanadianRockiessacrificealotaquietlivingenvironmentthehabitatofuniqueanimalspeciesthehabitatofuniq

6、ueplantspeciesGoldengatebridgeaperson'swealthaffectstheirwillingnesstosacrifice;themorewealthyapersonis,thebettertheycanaffordtopayforvariousgoodsandservices.Willingnesstopay,inotherwords,alsoreflectsabilitytopay.Let'sconsiderthewillingnesstopayofapersonforaparticulargood.Assumethatthep

7、ersonhasnoneofthegoodtobeginwith.askorperhapsdeducefromwatchingherspendhermoney----howmuchshewouldbewillingtopayforasingleunitofagoodratherthangowithoutFig.1TheConceptofWillingnesstoPayWILLINGNESSTOPAY38261712$UnitsoftheGood>>▼▼▼▼peoplecanconsumefractionsofitemsinadditiontointe