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1、Kaifeng-----thecitywhichmydreamalwayshauntsByMarshistoryOfKaifengKaifengisoneoftheSevenAncientCapitalsofChina.LikeBeijing,therearemanyreconstructions.In364BC,thestateofWeiduringtheWarringStatesPeriodfoundedacitycalledDaliangasitscapitalinthisarea.Duri
2、ngthisperiod,thefirstofmanycanalsintheareawasconstructed;itlinkedalocalrivertotheHuangHe.WhentheStateofWeiwasconqueredbytheQin,Kaifengwasdestroyedandabandonedexceptforamid-sizedmarkettown,whichremainedinitsplace. Earlyinthe7thcentury,Kaifengwastransfo
3、rmedintoamajorcommercialhubwhenitwasconnectedtotheGrandCanalaswellasacanalrunningtowesternShandongProvince.In781(TangDynasty),anewcitywasreconstructedandnamedBian(汴).BianwasthecapitaloftheLaterJin(936-946),LaterHan(947-950),andLaterZhou(951-960)oftheF
4、iveDynastiesPeriod.TheSongDynastymadeBianitscapitalwhenitoverthrewtheLaterZhouin960,andshortlyafterward,theyfurtherexpandedthecity.DuringtheSongDynasty,calledDongjingorBianjingthen,Kaifengwasthecapitalwithapopulationofover400,000,livingbothinsideandou
5、tsidethecitywall.Typhuswasanacuteproblemofthecity.In1049,YouguosiPagoda(佑國寺塔),orIronPagoda(鐵塔)asitiscalledtoday,wasconstructed,whichmeasures54.7 minheight.Ithassurvivedthedestructionofwarsandfloodingsandbecometheoldestlandmarkinthisancientcity.Another
6、SongDynastypagoda,BoTa(繁塔),from974,hasbeenpartiallydestroyed.Kaifengreacheditspeakofimportanceinthe11thcentury,whenitwasacommercialandindustrialcenterattheintersectionoffourmajorcanals.Duringthistime,thecitywassurroundedbythreeringsofcitywallsandproba
7、blyhadapopulationof600,000to700,000. ItisbelievedthatKaifengwasthelargestcityintheworldfrom1013to1127.Thisperiodendedin1127,whenthecityfelltoJurcheninvadersandcamesubsequentlyundertheruleoftheJinDynasty.Whileitremainedanimportantadministrativecenter,o
8、nlythecityareainsidetheinnercitywalloftheearlySongDynastyremainedsettledandthetwoouterringswereabandoned.OnemajorproblemassociatedwithKaifengastheImperialcapitaloftheSongDynastywasitslocation.WhileitwasconvenientlysituatedalongtheGrandCanalfor
