句法学 四大板块课件.ppt

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1、SyntaxBy：陈晨陈浩梁小平谢妍王琪1.StructuralistapproachDefinitionSyntacticrelationsyntagmaticandparadigmaticconstructionandconstituentICanalysis/endocentricandexocentric/coordinationandsubordination2.Traditionalsyntaxlexicalcategoriesgrammaticalcategoriesfunctionalcategoriesphrasalcategories3.Chomskyan

2、dHallidayTransformational-GenerativeGrammar(转换生成语法）Systemic-FunctionalGrammar(系统功能语法）1.1DefinitionofSyntaxSyntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.句法研究的是语言中不同成分组合

3、句子的支配规则，或者句子结构中各要素间的相互关系。1.2SyntacticRelationsSyntacticrelationscanbeanalysedintothreekinds,namely,positionalrelations(位置关系),relationsofsubstitutability(可替换关系),andtherelationsofco-occurrence(同现关系).1.2.1PositionalRelationForlanguagetofulfillitscommunicativefunction,itmusthaveawaytomarkthegra

4、mmaticalrolesofthevariousphrasesthatcanoccurinaclause.E.g.,Theboykickedtheball.Twomethodstoconveytheinformationinalanguagearethroughpositionalrelation(orwordorder)andaffixation.Positionalrelation,orwordorder,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.Thesequentialarrangementofwordsc

5、aneitherbewell-formedorill-formed(ungrammaticalornonsensical).a)Theboykickedtheball.b)Boytheballkickedthec)Theballkickedtheboy.Sometimestwosentenceswhichhavethesamewordsinnumberandformandarebothgrammaticallywell-formedhaveoppositemeanings:a)Theteachersawthestudents.b)Thestudentssawtheteache

6、r.Thispositionalrelationisamanifestationof“SyntagmaticRelation”proposedbyFerdinanddeSaussure.Saussureproposedthatalinguistmusttrytofindthevalueofasignfromitsrelationstoothers,orrather,itspositioninthesystem.Thus,thetwotypesofrelationsare:1)Syntagmaticrelations(structure)–therelationshipthat

7、linguisticunits(eg.words,clauses)havewithotherunitsbecausetheymayoccurtogetherinasequence.2)Paradigmaticrelations(system)–therelationshipholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinsstructure,thatis,awordmaybesaidtohaveparadigmaticr