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1、2017年上海高考英语真题2016年Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthemowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively（本能地）51workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork
2、.Inanycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe52,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,53,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervision(监督，管理)iftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbe（imposesthonsb把…强加给某人）imposedfrom54withoutconsultation（咨询）.This,ofcourse,makesforauth
3、oritarian(专制的)managers.Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysof55people.Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,somecultures,particularlyinAsia,arewellknownfortheconsultativenatureofdecision-making—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto56tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythec
4、ollective（集体的，共同的）opinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral57.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional58managerscannot.Arecenttrend
5、hasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative（首创精神，主动权）,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout59managersfirst.Thisempowerment(授权)hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:60thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterde-layering（减少员工层）inthisway,acompanymaybe61withjustatop
6、levelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcontactwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation(委托)muchfurtherthanhas62beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto63thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperat
7、ionsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.Anothertrendisoff-site（不在现场的）or64management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe65oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ra
8、therthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.51.A.desireB.seekC.loseD.dislike52.A.contraryB.expectationC.degreeD.extreme53.A.vicev
