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1、EAPUnit3PsychologyPersons:JudgingaBookbyitsCoverSaulKassinetal.1.Haveyouevermetsomeoneforthefirsttimeandformedaquickimpressionbasedonlyonaquick“snapshot快照”ofinformation?Aschildren,weweretoldthatweshouldnotjudgeabookbyitscover,thatthingsarenotalwayswhatthe
2、yseem,thatsurfaceappearancesaredeceptive欺骗的,andthatallthatglitters闪烁灿烂isnotgold.Yetasadultswecan’tseemtohelpourselves.2.Toillustratetherapid-fire一瞬时过程的本质natureoftheprocess,JanineWillisandAlexanderTodorov(2006)showedcollegestudentsphotographsofunfamiliarfa
3、cesforone-tenthofasecond,halfasecond,orafullsecond.Whetherthestudentsjudgedthefacesforhowattractive,likable,competent,trustworthy,oraggressivetheywere,theirrating等级s—evenatthebriefestexposure—werequickandwerehighlycorrelated相关的withjudgmentsthatotherobserv
4、ersmadewithouttime-exposurelimits.Flipquicklythroughthepagesofanillustratedmagazine,andyoumayseeforyourselfthatittakesamerefractionofasecondtoformanimpressionofastrangerfromhisorherface.3.Iffirstimpressionsarequicktoform,thenonwhataretheybased?In500BC,the
5、mathematicianPythagoraslookedintotheeyesofprospectivestudentstodetermineiftheyweregifted.Ataboutthesametime,Hippocrates,thefounderofmodernmedicine,usedfacialfeaturestomakediagnosesoflifeanddeath.Inthenineteenthcentury,ViennesephysicianFranzGallintroduceda
6、carnival-likesciencecalledphrenologyandclaimedthathecouldassessaperson’scharacterbytheshapeoftheirskulls.Andin1954,psychologistWilliamSheldonconcludedfromflawedstudiesofadultmenthatthereisastronglinkbetweenphysiqueandpersonality.4.Peoplemaynotmeasureeacho
7、therbybumpsonthehead,asphrenologistsusedtodo,butourfirstimpressionsareinfluencedinsubtlewaysbyaperson’sheight,weight,skincolor,haircolor,tattoos,piercings,eyeglasses,andotheraspectsofphysicalappearance.Associalperceivers,wealsoformimpressionsofpeoplethata
8、reoftenaccuratelybasedonahostofindirecttelltale迹象cues线索.InSnoop:WhatYourStuffSaysAboutYou,SamGosling(2008)describesresearchhehasconductedshowingthatpeople’spersonalitiescanberevealedintheknick-knacksfoundintheiroffi
