武汉大学博士英语结课考试.doc

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1、.一、段落分析Concept-defining(一)Content容（fromparagraphlevel）1Topic话题（特点general笼统）2Aspect(supportingsentence)frommaterialtospiritualaspects从物质到精神fromphysicaltopsychologicalaspects从身体到心理fromidea/mentalitytobehavior从思想到行为fromtechnologytosocietyfromindividualtosocialaspects从个体到社会fromoneselftoo

2、thers从自身到他人fromdirecttoindirectaspects从直接到间接fromphysicalenvironmenttoeconomicandsocialstructure从地理环境到社会经济结构3Perspective(pointofview)角度+Keywords=thesis论点+evidence论据=theme主题（mainidea）+aspects方面4Form/Function形式（passagelevel）Structure:theorganizationofthewholearticleIntroduction(what)Bod

3、y(why)Conclusion(how)(二)Paragraphdevelopment1Skill/Pattern；Fact/DetailStatistics统计Examples例证Statements阐述Quotation引言2Method针对所选用的skill的方法1)topicorder2)causalorder=causeandeffect3)spatialorder=spaceorder4)chronologicalorder=timeorder5)problemandsolution6)meansandends7)processandresult8

4、)classification9)hierarchicalstructure分层次、等级的(fromleasttomost)10)antithesis对偶、排比11)progression递进(agradualprocessofchangeordevelopingoverperiodoftime)12)comparison(相似)andcontrast(差异)对比3Logicrelationship(frompassagelevel)(what,why,how)..1)Causeandeffect因果关系=why&how2)Meansandends=proces

5、sandpurpose=how手段和目的；过程和目的3)Topic/ideaandreason(introduction)=what&why4)Problemandsolution=what&how5)Example=how(一)DevelopingParagraph/Body(正文/主体)1Unity(一致性)—topicsentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关2Development(发展性)—supportingsentencesnomorethan5aspects论据是否充分CommonMethodsofDevelopment1)exemplifica

6、tion例证2)facts事实3)citation引证4)comparisonandcontrast比较与对比5)analysis分析6)classification分类3Coherence(连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然1)transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词2)fromthemostimportanttotheleastimportantorviceverse由重到轻，反之亦然3)generalprinciplebyclassification:总原则（分类）frommate

7、rialtospiritualaspects从物质到精神fromphysicaltopsychologicalaspects从身体到心理fromindividualtosocialaspects从个体到社会fromoneselftoothers从自身到他人fromdirecttoindirectaspects从直接到间接fromphysicalenvironmenttoeconomicandsocialstructure从地理环境到社会经济结构第一课的第三段：OursecondmajordiscoverywasthattheInformationMarketpl

8、acewilldrama