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1、AppliedArtsandFineArtsAlthoughwenowtendtorefertothevariouscraftsaccordingtothematerialsusedtoconstructthem—clay,glass,wood,fiber,andmetal—itwasoncecommontothinkofcraftsintermsoffunction,whichledtotheirbeingknownasthe“appliedarts.”Approachingcraftsfromthepointofviewoffunction,we
2、candividethemintosimplecategories:containers,shelters,andsupports.Thereisnowayaroundthefactthatcontainers,shelters,andsupportsmustbefunctional.Theappliedartsarethusboundbythelawsofphysics,whichpertaintoboththematerialsusedintheirmakingandthesubstancesandthingstobecontained,supp
3、orted,andsheltered.Theselawsareuniversalintheirapplication,regardlessofculturalbeliefs,geography,orclimate.Ifapothasnobottomorhaslargeopeningsinitssides,itcouldhardlybeconsideredacontainerinanytraditionalsense.Sincethelawsofphysics,notsomearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegene
4、ralformofapplied-artobjects,theyfollowbasicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits.Buildingswithoutroofs,forexample,areunusualbecausetheydepartfromthenorm.However,notallfunctionalobjectsareexactlyalike;thatiswhywerecognizeaShangDynastyvaseasbeingdiffe
5、rentfromanIncavase.Whatvariesisnotthebasicformbuttheincidentaldetailsthatdonotobstructtheobject’sprimaryfunction.Sensitivitytophysicallawsisthusanimportantconsiderationforthemakerofapplied-artobjects.Itisoftentakenforgrantedthatthisisalsotrueforthemakeroffine-artobjects.Thisass
6、umptionmissesasignificantdifferencebetweenthetwodisciplines.Fine-artobjectsarenotconstrainedbythelawsofphysicsinthesamewaythatapplied-artobjectsare.Becausetheirprimarypurposeisnotfunctional,theyareonlylimitedintermsofthematerialsusedtomakethem.Sculpturesmust,forexample,bestable
7、,whichrequiresanunderstandingofthepropertiesofmass,weightdistribution,andstress.Paintingsmusthaverigidstretcherssothatthecanvaswillbetaut,andthepaintmustnotdeteriorate,crack,ordiscolor.Theseareproblemsthatmustbeovercomebytheartistbecausetheytendtointrudeuponhisorherconceptionof
8、thework.Forexample,intheearlyItalianRenaissance,bronze
