微观经济学需求与供给曲线.ppt

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1、均衡DEMAND,SUPPLY,ANDMARKETEQUILIBRIUMperfectlycompetitivemarketAmarketwithsomanybuyersandsellersthatnosinglebuyerorsellercanaffectthemarketprice.24.1Hereisalistofthevariablesthataffectanindividualconsumer’sdecision,usingthepizzamarketasanexample:•Thepriceoftheproduct(forexample,thepriceofapizza)•Th

2、econsumer’sincome•Thepriceofsubstitutegoods(forexample,thepricesoftacosorsandwiches)•Thepriceofcomplementarygoods(forexample,thepricesofbeerorlemonade)•Theconsumer’spreferencesortastesandadvertisingthatmayinfluencepreferences•Theconsumer’sexpectationsaboutfuturepricesquantitydemandedTheamountofapr

3、oductthatconsumersarewillingandabletobuy.THEDEMANDCURVE3THEDEMANDCURVETheIndividualDemandCurveandtheLawofDemand需求定律4.1FIGURE4.1TheIndividualDemandCurveindividualdemandcurveAcurvethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandquantitydemandedbyanindividualconsumer,ceterisparibus.其他条件不变4THEDEMAN

4、DCURVETheIndividualDemandCurveandtheLawofDemand4.1lawofdemandThereisanegativerelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitydemanded,ceterisparibus.changeinquantitydemandedAchangeinthequantityconsumersarewillingandabletobuywhenthepricechanges;representedgraphicallybymovementalongthedemandcurve.5FromIndividual

5、DemandtoMarketDemand4.1marketdemandcurveAcurveshowingtherelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitydemandedbyallconsumers,ceterisparibus.FIGURE4.2FromIndividualtoMarketDemandTHEDEMANDCURVE6STARBUCKSGAINSONCHANGESINEXPECTATIONSThesalesgrowthwasattributedtoreintroductionofsomepopularproducts,fallinggaspric

6、esprovidingsome“economicrelief,”andcolderweather.Thecompany’sstockpricerespondedaccordinglytotheincreasedsalesnumbersandclosedup7.6percent.Starbucks,thespecialtycoffeechain,announcedSeptembersalesthatwerehigherthaninvestorsexpected.Thecompany’ssalesgrowthwassixpercenthigherthanthepreviousperiod.Th

7、estreetestimatehadonlyprojectedanincreaseof3.4percent.Howdoesachangeinexpectationsimpactstockprices?Asinvestorsadjustsales(andprofits)expectations,thedemandforStarbucks’stockswillincreaseandisrepresentedbyarightw