背景文字鲁迅.doc

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1、LuXun(LooShin/Sheen),1881-1936LuXunisthemostreveredwriterofmodernChina:notonlybecauseofhisgenius,butbecausehewasanimportantsocialcriticandthefirstmodernChinesewritertowritefictioninthevernacular(everydaylanguage).LuXunlivedbetweentwoeras:theoldConfucianorder,wherethegovernmentwasrunbyaprivile

2、gedcasteofnoblemenandscholars,andtheintellectualandpoliticalfermentleadingtothemodernstatethatisthePeople'sRepublicofChina.Knownasarealistwriterforhischaracterpsychologyandpicturesofeverydaylife,healsoemploysagreatdealofsymbolismtosuggestaddedlevelsofmeaning.Youcanread"AMadman'sDiary"asaninte

3、restingstudyinparanoia.However,youwillgetmoreoutofitifyourecognizethelevelofsocial/historicalcritiquedoublingthestoryofmadness.ThiscritiqueisdirectedatanextremelyrigidandexploitativesocialorderthatLuXunseesascannibalistic(hencetheMadman'sfearofbeingeaten);itisanalmost-feudalsystemthatjustifie

4、sitsexistencebyclaimingtoembodyConfucianphilosophy.In"AMadman'sDiary,"thethreatoffamilycannibalismisalsoanimageofstateorsocialcannibalism,and"savingthechildren"attheendmeanssavingfuturegenerationsfromapredatorysocialsystem.ConfuciuswasaChinesephilosopher(551-479B.C.)whoseideasmoldedChinesesoc

5、ietyforthousandsofyears,andwhoseinfluencestillpenetratescontemporaryChina.Confucius'"Way"wasapathofmoraldevelopmentandrelatedsocialresponsibility;theperfectlyvirtuousmanwouldbethecenterofawell-regulatedfamilyand--broadeningout--ofharmonioussocialorder.In136B.C.,duringtheHandynastyofemperors,C

6、onfucianismwasproclaimedthestatedoctrine:notsomuchareligionasasecularcultwhoserulesprescribedallsocialinteractions.TheFourBooksofConfucianwritingswereprescribedsubjectsfortheimperialcivilserviceexaminationsfrom1414untiltheexaminationsthemselveswereabolishedin1905.Inoneformoranother,Confuciano

7、rderdominatedChinesesocietyuntilthetwentiethcentury:definingtheformsofeducationandthe(mainlyliterary)examinationsthatwererequiredforallgovernmentalposts,writinghistoryinaccordwithConfucianideas,dictatingfamilyrelationshipsincludingextremefili