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1、《英美文学选读》（美国文学部分）AmericanLiteratureChapterone:TheromanticperiodI.Emerson’stranscendentalismandhisattitudetowardnature:1.Transcendentalism—itisaphilosophicandliterarymovementthatflourishinNewEngland,asareactionagainstrationalismandCalvinism.Itstressedintuitiveunderstandingofgodwith
2、outthehelpofthechurch,andadvocatedindependenceofthemind.2.Emerson’stranscendentalism:Theover-soul—itisanall-pervadingpowergoodness,fromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallareapart.Itisasupremerealityofmind,aspiritualunityofallbeingsandareligion.Itisacommunicationbetweenanindividualsou
3、landtheuniversalover-soul.Andhestronglybelieveinthedivinityandinfinityofmanasanindividual,somancantotallyrelyonhimself.3.Histowardnature:Emersonlovesnature.Hisnatureisthegarmentoftheover-soul,symbolicandmoralbound.Natureisnotsomethingpurelyofthematter,butalivewithGod’spresence.It
4、exerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanbeings.Childrencanseenaturebetterthanadult.II.Hawthorne’sPuritanismandhisblackvisionofman:1.Puritanism—itisthereligiousbeliefofthePuristans,whohadintendedtopurifyandsimplifythereligiousritualofthechurchofEngland.2.hisblackvisionofman—
5、bytheCalvinisticconceptoforiginalsin,hebelievedthathumanbeingareevilnaturedandsinful,andthissiniseverpresentinhumanheartandwillpassonegenerationtoanother.3.YoungGoodmanBrown—itshowsthateveryonehassomeevilsecrets.Theinnocentandna?veBrownisconfrontedwiththevisionofhumanevilinoneter
6、riblenight,andthenhebecomesdistrustfulanddoubtful.Brownstandsforeveryone,whoisbornpureandhasnocontactwiththerealworld,andtheprominentpeopleofthevillageandchurch.Theycovertheirsecretsduringdailylives,andundersomecircumstancessuchasthewitch’sSabbath,theybecomewhattheyare.Evenhisclo
7、sedwife,Faith,isnoexception.SoBrownisagedinthatnight.III.ThesymbolismofMelville’sMobby-Dick1.Thevoyagetocatchthewhitewhaleistheoneofthemindinquestofthetruthandknowledgeofuniverse.2.ToAhab,thewhaleisanevilcreatureortheagentofanevilforcethatcontroltheuniverse.Astoreaders,thewhaleis
8、asymbolofphysicallimits,orasymbolofnatur
