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1、JohnLocke(1632-1704)Britishphilosopher,OxfordacademicandmedicalresearcherInBrief...knownasthe“FatherofClassicalLiberalism”oneofthemostimportantEnlightenmentthinkersoneofthefirstoftheBritishempiricistsanimportantfigureinsocialcontracttheoryClassicalLiberalismlimit
2、edgovernment,constitutionalism,ruleoflaw,dueprocessindividualliberty(includingfreedomofreligion,speech,press,assemblyandfreemarkets)TheAgeofEnlightenmentabout1650toabout1800(alsoknownastheAgeofReason)aculturalmovementofintellectualsin18thcenturyEuropeandAmericawh
3、owantedtoreformsocietyandadvanceknowledgepromoted:science,intellectualinterchangeopposed:superstition,intolerance,abusesinchurchandstateEmpiricismanepistemologicalviewatheoryofknowledgethatassertsthatknowledgecomesonlyorprimarilyfromsensoryexperienceemphasizesthe
4、roleofexperienceandevidence,especiallysensoryperception,intheformationofideas,overthenotionofinnateideasortraditionsotherepistemologicalviews...Rationalism(anyviewappealingtoreasonasasourceofknowledgeorjustification)Idealism(assertsthatreality,orrealityaswecankno
5、wit,isfundamentallymental,mentallyconstructed,orotherwiseimmaterial)Historicism(assignsacentralandbasicsignificancetoaspecificcontext,suchashistoricalperiod,geographicalplaceandlocalculture)SocialContractWhatistheoriginofsociety?Whatistheoriginoftheauthorityofthe
6、stateovertheindividual?Lockeinfluenced...Voltaire(1694-1778):FrenchEnlightenmentwriter,historianandphilosopherJean-JacquesRousseau(1712-1778):Genevanphilosopher,writer,andcomposerLockealsoinfluenced...manyScottishEnlightenmentthinkers(theScottishEnlightenmentincl
7、udedDavidHume[1711-1776,philosopher,historian,economistandessayist]andAdamSmith[1723-1790,socialphilosopherandpioneerofpoliticaleconomy])Lockealsoinfluenced...Americanrevolutionariesand“FoundingFathers”(includingThomasJefferson,JohnAdams,BenjaminFranklin,SamuelAd
8、ams,AlexanderHamilton,ThomasPaine,PatrickHenry,GeorgeWashington,JamesMadison,GeorgeMasonandmanyothers)IdeasandInfluencepoliticalphilosophy(classicalandmodernli
