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1、UNITI:FOUNDATIONS(8000BCETO600CE)OfallthetimeperiodscoveredintheAPWorldHistorycurriculum,Foundations(8000 BCE -600CE)spansthelargestnumberofyears.ItbeginswithanimportantMarkerEvent-theNeolithicRevolution-andendsafterthefallofthreemajorclassicalcivilizatio
2、ns- Rome intheMediterraneanregion,HanChina,andtheGuptaEmpireof India. BroadtopicsaddressedintheFoundationstimeperiodare:·Environmentaland periodization issues·Earlydevelopmentinagricultureandtechnology·Basiccultural,political,andsocialfeaturesofearlycivil
3、izations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Shang China,and Meso/SouthAmerica·Theriseandfallofclassicalcivilizations:ZhouandHanChina, India (GuptaEmpire),andMediterraneancivilizations(Greece and Rome)·Majorbeliefsystems,includingpolytheism,Hinduism,Judais
4、m,Confucianism,Daoism,Buddhism,andChristianityANOTEABOUTPREHISTORY(BEFORE3500CE)Abasictypeof periodization istodividealloftimeinto"prehistory"and"history."Usuallythedistinctionisbasedonwhetherornotthepeopleleftwrittenrecords,butthepresenceofwrittenrecords
5、isverycloselytiedtothebeginningsofagriculture.Scholarsarenotentirelysureaboutwhenhumanbeingsfirstappearedonearth,butnewdiscoveriescontinuetopushthedatefurtherbackintime.So"prehistory"lastedformillionsofyears.ThefirsthumansprobablyemergedineasternAfrica,du
6、etoahappyconfluenceofavailabilityoffoodand domesticable animalsandfavorableclimate.Forthousandsofyearshumanssustainedthemselvesashuntersandgatherers,andasaresultwerequitedependentontheabundanceoffood.Huntersgainedskillsincapturingandkillinganimals,andgath
7、ererslearnedwhichplantsandfruitswereedibleandnutritious.Technologicalinventionsgenerallysupportedthefulfillmentofthesebasicactivities.Stones(andeventuallymetals)wereshapedastoolsandweapons,andtechniquesweredevelopedforefficientgatheringandstorageoffood.By
8、8000 BCE,humanshadmigratedtomanyotherareas,probablyfollowingtheherdsandotheravailablefoodsources.Majormigrationsinclude:·EarlyAfricanstoAustralia,theMiddleEast,Europe,andAsia·AsiansacrossthelandbridgetotheAmericasOu
