毫无根据的信仰.ppt

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1、Unit6GroundlessBelievesAboutthetextThepresenttextistakenfromLogicfortheMillionsbyA．E．Mander,publishedbyThePhilosophicalLibrary，NewYork，1947．A.E.ManderisanEnglishpsychologist,hewritesmanybooks,suchasOurShamDemocracy,Psychologyforeverymanandwoman,AlarmingAustraliaandsoon.Aselectionofbooksb

2、yA.E.MandeOnethingwealldoeverydayisexpressourviews，stateourbeliefsordiscussourideas．Wesaytooneanother：Ithink，Ibelieve，I’mconvinced，I’msure，Itgoeswithoutsaying，It’scrystalclear，It’sassimpleasABC，Nodoubt．．．，etc.Wemaynotbeprofessionalthinkers.Butwealldothinkingasahabit．Wemaynothavereachedth

3、elevelofgrade-onethinking．Butwecannotavoidthinking，rightlyorwrongly.Dowereallyknowwhatwearedoingandwhatwearethinking?Arewesurethatallthebeliefsweholdwithconvictionandacceptwithoutquestionarereallytrueorwell-grounded?Whatconstitutesadequategroundsforbeliefs?Thearticleismeanttoencourageust

4、ofindouthowwecamebyourbeliefsandmanagetobeboldenoughtotestourbeliefs.ThemePart1(Para.1)about:Part2(Paras.2—21)about:Part3(Paras.22—25)about:TextStructureTheauthor’spropositionofthegeneralpracticeofthinkingTheauthor’sanalysisoffivenon-rationalfactorsinthedeterminationofpeople’sopinionsThe

5、author’sencouragementonclear,freshandrationalwaysofthinkingGroundground:(usu.pl.)thefoundation/underlyingconditionforanargument,acauseorgoodreasonforsth.e.g.1.Whatwerehisgroundsforwantingadivorce?2.Neitherstatementcanbefaultedonthegroundsthatitisinaccurate.(Lesson3)groundless:a.notbasedo

6、nreasonorevidencee.g.groundlessoptimismYourfearisprovedtobegroundless.bare:a.naked;notcoveredwithorprotectedbyanything;empty;justefficient,mere…e.g.barearm/feet/wall/factsthebarebranchesofwintertrees.Thefridgewascompletelybare.Phrases:withyourbarehandsbareyoursoul:totellyourdeepestandmos

7、tprivatefeelingsbareyourteeth:toshowyourteethinafierceandthreateningwaybarefaced:a.公然的，厚颜无耻的，不戴面具的e.g.abarefacedlieashadowof:theslightesttraceofe.g.Ashadowofasmiletouchedhismouth.Thereisnotashadowofjustificationforyourbehavior.Sheknewbeyondashadowofdoubtthathewasa_____.（愤