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1、AbstractRalphWaldoEmerson(1803—1882)isanoutstandingthinker,writer,lecturerintheUnitedStatesduringthe19thcentury.HisTranscendentalistIndividualismwascalledthemostimportantmundanereligionandhewascalledtherepresentativeoftheAmericantranscendentalistmovement.Emerson’sIndividualismwasformedunderacertain
2、economic,politicalandreligiousbackground.Thethoughtsaboutspirits,personalcharacters,andself-reliancehadmuchinfluencedthereligion,theculture,thesocietyofAmerica.Thecoreofhisthinkingis“self-reliance”or“independence”—thatisculturalnationalindependencefortheUnitedStates,literarilyindividualindependence
3、forwritersandreligiousindependencefromthechurch.Asfarasliteratureisconcerned,inabroadsense,Emersonplaceshisemphasisonnationalismratherthancolonialism,advocatingtheAmericanliterature:typicalAmericancontentandAmericanstyle.Inanarrowsense,Emersonputshisstressontheindividualinsteadofthegroup.Heassertst
4、hatthereisagreatnessineverybodythatneedsonlytobesetfree,soeveryAmericanwritershouldtrusthimself,respecthimselfandwriteaccordingtohisownprinciplesandinhisownpeculiarway.Thisthesisisdividedintothreeparts.ChapteroneistalkingaboutthegeneralintroductionofEmerson.ChaptertwoexplainsthemainideaofEmerson.Ch
5、apterthreeexplainsEmerson’sfourstepsofSelf-Reliance:stepone,todisengageoneselfvfromtheinfluenceofothers’opinions;steptwo,totrustinstinctmoreandreasonedjudgmentless;stepthree,toactivatesomekindofselectingprinciplewithinthenewlyliberatedperson;andstepfour,self-reliantaction.Emerson’sideaofself-relian
6、ce,leadstothefinalformationofnationalliteratureofAmerica.TheprofoundinfluenceofitcouldbefoundinthethemesandformsemployedbythesucceedingAmericanwriterssuchasWaltWhitman,HermanMelville,RalphElisionandsoon.Keywords:RalphWaldoEmerson,transcendentalism,self-reliancev摘要拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生(1803-1882)是19世纪美国著名的思想家
7、、演说家和诗人,超验主义的代表人物,其超验个人主义观点被誉为美国世俗宗教,林肯总统称其为“美国精神的先知”。他的超验个人主义思想,是在特定经济、政治和宗教环境下形成的,重视精神、张扬个性、相信人的潜力、主张自助,这些思想对美国的宗教、文化、民主社会都有着深远的影响。他的思想核心就是“自立”,即文化上的民族自立,文学上的个性自强和宗教上“精神至上”。就文学而言,从广义上讲,爱默生强调的是民族的独立,发展具有鲜明
