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1、4Harv.L.Rev.193HarvardLawReviewDecember15,1890*193THERIGHTTOPRIVACYSamuelD.WarrenLouisD.BrandeisBoston,December,1890Copyright©1890HarvardLawReviewAssociation;SamuelD.Warren,LouisD.Brandeis“Itcouldbedoneonlyonprinciplesofprivatejustice,moralfitness,andpublicconvenience,which,whenap
2、pliedtoanewsubject,makecommonlawwithoutaprecedent;muchmorewhenreceivedandapprovedbyusage.”WILLES,J.,inMillarv.Taylor,4Burr.2303,2312.THATtheindividualshallhavefullprotectioninpersonandinpropertyisaprincipleasoldasthecommonlaw;butithasbeenfoundnecessaryfromtimetotimetodefineanewthe
3、exactnatureandextentofsuchprotection.Political,social,andeconomicchangesentail使蒙受therecognition承认ofnewrights,andthecommonlaw,initseternal永恒youth,growstomeetthedemandsofsociety.Thus,inveryearlytimes,thelawgavearemedyonlyforphysicalinterferencewithlifeandproperty,fortrespassesvietar
4、mis通过武力.Thenthe“righttolife”servedonlytoprotectthesubjectfrombatteryinitsvariousforms;libertymeantfreedomfromactualrestraint;andtherighttopropertysecuredtotheindividualhislandsandhiscattle.Later,therecamearecognitionofman'sspiritualnature,ofhisfeelingsandhisintellect.Graduallythes
5、copeoftheselegalrightsbroadened;andnowtherighttolifehascometomeantherighttoenjoylife,—therighttobeletalone;therighttolibertysecurestheexerciseofextensivecivilprivileges;andtheterm“property”hasgrowntocompriseeveryformofpossession—intangible,aswellastangible.人身伤害――噪音与气味――精神价值的法律确认――
6、名誉的法律确认Thus,withtherecognitionofthelegalvalueofsensations感觉，直觉,theprotectionagainstactualbodilyinjurywasextendedtoprohibitmereattemptstodosuchinjury;thatis,theputtinganotherin*194fearofsuchinjury.Fromtheactionofbatterygrewthatofassault.[FN1]Muchlatertherecameaqualifiedprotectionof
7、theindividualagainstoffensivenoisesandodors,againstdustandsmoke,andexcessivevibration震动.Thelawofnuisance伤害wasdeveloped.[FN2]Soregardforhumanemotionssoonextendedthescopeofpersonalimmunitybeyondthebodyoftheindividual.Hisreputation,thestandingamonghisfellow-men,wasconsidered,andthela
8、wofslanderandlibelarose.[FN3]Man'
