语言学名词解释和简答题的出题范围 (修复的).doc

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1、一、Directions:Pleasedefinethefollowingterms.1.minimalpairtestwordsthatdifferinonlyonesoundTheydifferinmeaning,theydifferonlyinonesoundsegment,thedifferentsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentExample:beat,bitTheyformaminimalpairSo/ea/and/i/aredifferentsoundsinEnglis

2、hTheyaredifferentphonemes2.theSapir-WhorfHypothesislinguisticdeterminism(语言决定论)-Languagedeterminesthought.andlinguisticrelativity(语言相对论)-Thereisnolimittothestructuraldiversityoflanguages.3.BehaviorismBehaviorisminlinguisticsholdstheviewthatChildrenlearnlangu

3、agethroughachainofstimulus-response-reinforcement(刺激—反应—强化),andadults’useoflanguageisalsoaprocessofstimulus-response.4.discoveryproceduresAgrammarisdiscoveredthroughtheperformingofcertainoperationsonacorpusofdata5.UniversalGrammarUGconsistsofasetofinnategram

4、maticalprinciples.Eachprincipleisassociatedwithanumberofparameters.6.SystemicGrammarItaimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasasystemnetwork,ormeaningpotential.7.IdeationalMetafunctionTheIdeationalFunction(ExperientialandLogical)istoconveynewinformation

5、,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.Itisameaningpotential.Itmainlyconsistsof“transitivity”and“voice”.Thisfunctionnotonlyspecifiestheavailableoptionsinmeaningbutalsodeterminesthenatureoftheirstructuralrealisations.Forexample,“Johnbuiltanewhouse”can

6、beanalysedasaconfigurationofthefunctions(功能配置):Actor:JohnProcess:Material:Creation:builtGoal:Affected:anewhouse8.InterpersonalMetafunctionTheINTERPERSONALFUNCTIONembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.Thisincludesthevariouswaysthespeake

7、rentersaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact.9.basicspeechrolesThemostfundamentaltypesofspeechrolearejusttwo:(i)giving,and(ii)demanding.Cuttingacrossthisbasicdistinctionbetweengivinganddemandingisanotherdistinctionthatrelatestothenatureofthecommoditybeingexc

8、hanged.Thismaybeeither(a)goods-&-servicesor(b)information.1.finiteverbaloperatorsFinitenessisthusexpressedbymeansofaverbaloperatorwhichiseithertemporalormodal.2.TextualMetafunctionThetextualmeta