能源资源使用状况分析及能源方案建议.pdf

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奉献AUTODESKDEDICATIONSPECIAL能源资源使用状况分析及能源方案建议ANALYSISOFENERGYANDRESOURCECONSUMPTIONANDPROPOSALFORENERGYSCHEME注：本部分内容摘自国家住宅工程中心研究报告。Note:thecontentofthispartistakenfromresearchreportofnationalhousingengineeringcenter.TheprojectisbasedonSichuanandtakingintofullaccountthecomposition本项目立足四川地区，充分考虑到四川当地的能源使andhabitofenergyconsumption.Therefore,YongshiVillageofYuedongTownin用构成和使用习惯，选取四川省广元市苍溪县岳东镇勇士CangxiCounty,GuangyuanCityofSichuanProvinceischosenasanexample.村为例，选取该村两组村民，其经济状况在全村中分别处Theprojectchoosestwogroupsofvillagers,theireconomicstatusrankshighlevel,middlelevelandlowlevelinthevillage,andthenumberoffamilymemberis于高中低水平，并且家庭成员均处于当地家庭构成的3~5typicalandintherangeofthreetofive.名范围内。1.Economicsituation1.经济情况Themainincomeofthevillageisagriculturalincomeandmigrantworkincome;somefamilieshaveincomefromindividualbusiness.Thereisnorestraintonthe该村农民的主要收入是农业收入和外出打工收入，部investigatedsampleoffivefamilies,exceptthereisachoiceonusingmarshgas;分家庭有个体经营收入。调查的5户样本除在使用沼气这theyallstratifytheprincipleofrandomselection.Theybasicallyrepresentthe一点上有选择外，无其他限制，均满足随机选取原则，基situationsofthewholevillage.Theagriculturalincomeoftheusersinthevillage本能代表全村情况。全村用户在农业收入上差别不大，每isroughlythesame,itisaboutRMB5,000,butsomeuserscultivateotherlands,户年收入在5000元左右。部分用户耕种了别人家的土地，thusincreasingagriculturalincome.Theuser3cultivatesotherpeople’sland,theagriculturalincomereachesRMB10,000,itisastwiceasotherusers.农业收入适当增加。调查中，用户3就耕种了别人的土地，农业收入达到10000元，是其他用户的2倍左右。Inrecentyears,withtherapidincreaseinmaturelaborforceworkingoutside,the随着近几年来成年劳动力外出打工人数迅速增加，打migrantworkincomehastakenupalargerproportionintheoverallincomeand工收入占总收入的比例日益增大，并超过农业收入。全村surpassedtheagriculturalincomegradually.Theaveragemigrantworkincomeof用户外出打工收入平均每家每年14000元，是农业收入的theusersinthevillageisRMB14,000foreachfamily,itistwotothreetimesasmuchasagriculturalincome.Butthedifferenceofmigrantworkincomeineachfamily2~3倍。但每家外出打工收入相差巨大。调查发现，家庭isgreat.Inthesurvey,itisfoundthatthemigrantworkincomeofthefamilyisfrom外出打工收入从6000元到40000元不等。用户3家里有2RMB6,000toRMB40,000.Theuser3hastwomenworkingoutside,themigrant人打工，其打工收入占总收入的比例高达80%，人均年收workincometakesup80%ofthetotalincome,percapitaannualincomealso入也达到10000元。没有打工收入的家庭，经济能力则十reachesRMB10,000.Theuserswhohavenomigrantworkincomehaveverylimited分有限，人均年收入仅2000元左右，远远低于全国农村人economiccapacity,percapitaannualincomeisonlyaboutRMB2,000,whichismuchlessthannationalruralpercapitaannualincomeofRMB3,587.Theuser5in均年收入的3587元。调查中的用户5只有农业收入，人均thesurveyonlyhasagriculturalincome,percapitaannualincomeisonlyRMB1,667.年收入仅为1667元。2.Therelationshipbetweenhousingcharacteristicsandenergyuseandhousing2.住宅特点及能源使用与住宅的关系Theruralhousingisusuallycomposedofprincipalroomandsecondaryroom,mainroomismainlycomposedofmainroom,bedroom,livingroomandkitchen;农村住宅一般由正屋和次屋组成，正屋主要由堂屋、thestorageofagriculturalimplements,livestock,poultryandtoiletarelaidoutin卧室、起居室、厨房等组成；农机具存放、家畜、家禽、厕thesecondaryroomaccordingtothecourtyard.Thebedroomofoldpeopleis所一般都结合庭院布置在次屋。堂屋较大，约35~45m2，usuallyonthefirstfloor,andthesecondflooristhelivingroomofchildren.Inthe是家庭的公共活动空间，有大事时可容纳3、4桌的酒席。countryside,eachfamilyusuallyraisesalittlepoultryincludingchickenandducks.老人卧室一般在一层，二层为子女卧室。农村家庭一般饲Thepoultryisusedtobeeatenbythefamily.Manyhouseholdsraisealittlelivestockincludingpigs,sheep.Someroadsinfrontofthehousesareverywide,thereislarge养少量鸡、鸭等家禽，供自家食用；多数家庭饲养有少量vacantlandthatcanbeusedtodrygrains,someroadsarespecial,andthereis猪、羊等家畜。有的家庭屋前的道路比较宽，有大片空地dryingstageonthesecondfloorinsomeruralhousing.Somevegetableplotsarein可以晾晒粮食，有的家庭有专门的晒场，有些农村住宅二theforeyardorbackyardofthehouse,somehavevegetablegardenintheslightly楼也设有晒台。菜地有的在房屋的前院或后院，有的在离farplace.房屋稍远的地方有菜园。124CHINAHOMESJANUARY2009p80-127ｷ�ﾗｵ･ﾔｪ.indd1242009.1.114:31:57PM 在材料使用方面，虽然国家早就禁止使用实心黏土Intermsofmaterialuse,undertheprincipleofprohibitingtheuseofsolidclaybrick砖，但黏土砖仍是农村新住宅建设的主要墙体材料。通putforwardforalongtimeintheworld,claybrickisstillthemainwallmaterialsinnewruralhouseconstruction.Althoughthestaffoftowngovernmentknows过调查发现，镇政府相关部门的工作人员对国家禁实政somethingaboutthenationalpolicyofprohibitinguse,therearestillnospecific策虽有所了解，但具体实施尚无办法，农民对该政策了measuresforimplementation,andpeasantsknowalittleaboutthepolicythrough解不多。因此，在农村住宅建设过程中新型墙体材料的survey.Therefore,theuseofnewwallmaterialsintheprocessofruralhouse使用还不多见。constructionisrare.我们选作样本的村落，住宅均系村民自建，无固定朝Asasampleofthevillage,thehousesofthevillageareallbuiltbythevillagers;向，沿路、依林或几家组成一个院落分布。该村现有住宅多thereisnopreciseorientation;thehousesarealongtheroadortheriver,orseveral兴建于1995年之后。被调查的5户村民的住宅建造年代分housesconstituteacourtyard.Thehousesofthisvillagehavebeenbuiltsince1995;布于1994年到2007年间。其外墙墙体均为实心砖，厚度thehousesofthefiveinvestigatedvillagersarebuiltbetween1994and2007.Its约为200mm，住宅外墙都没有保温层。住宅屋顶厚度约为externalwallsareallsolidbricks,thethicknessisabout200mm,andexternalwalls150mm，平顶房的屋顶最外层材料均为水泥和油毛毡，坡ofthehouseallhaveinsulatinglayers.Theroofthicknessofthehouseisall150mm;thematerialsofoutermostlayeronthesingle-storeydwellingroofarecementand顶房的为砖瓦，均无隔热层。住宅的窗户均为单层玻璃窗，asphaltfelt.Theslopecrestofthehouseisbrickandtilewithoutheatinsulation窗框材料有木头、铝合金和塑钢，以木框为主。住宅外的遮layer.Thewindowsofthehousearesingleglasswindow;thematerialsofwindow阳措施一般为屋檐。目前，村里有两种构造不同的房屋，一framearewood,aluminumalloyandplasticsteel,withwoodenframeplayinga种是过去的老瓦房，目前仍占大部分；一种是近几年修的二dominantrole.Thesunshademeasuresofthehousecommonlyhaveeavesnow;层楼房。由于气候较温和，两种房子均未考虑保温(隔热)therearetwokindsofhousesinthevillage:oneisthetile-roofedhouse,whichisstillcommontosee,andtheotheristwo-storeybuildingbuiltinrecentyears.Asthe材料的使用。不过修建楼房的家庭一般比其他家庭经济条件climateistemperate,thetwokindsofhousesadoptnoheat-insulatingmaterials.好，这是由于近年来，村民打工赚的钱多用于修建楼房。由Thefamiliesthatbuiltstoriedbuildingshavemuchbettereconomicconditionsthan于经济条件有所改善，为了保持楼房的外观和生活的方便、otherfamilies.Thisisduetotheincreaseinthenumberofsmallstoriedbuildings卫生，这些家庭愿意使用沼气或煤（参见下表）。builtbythevillagesusingthemigrantfund.Thesefamiliesprefertousemarshgasor在房屋结构上，过去的老瓦房墙体材料为土坯，屋顶coaltokeeptheappearanceofthestoriedhouse,theconvenience,andhealthylife(Seetablebelow).用瓦覆盖，窗户为木质单层玻璃。这种房屋气密性较差，不仅不能有效保暖，且屋内较暗。薪柴燃烧是长久以来一种Inbuildingstructure,thewallofpastoldtile-roofedhousesisadobe,theroofis有效的取暖方式。煤炉是该村在经济条件允许的情况下所coveredwithtiles,andthewindowiswoodenwithasingleglasssash.Thiskindof采用的辅助方式。由于村民节约用电，一般都避免在白天househaspoorairtightness,andcannotretainheateffectivelyinwinter;anditis用电照明，或者用瓦数较小的灯泡。但夏天瓦房较凉爽。darkerintheroom.Thecombustionoffirewoodisaneffectivewayofheatingforalongtime.Thecoalstoveisanauxiliarywayadoptedunderavailableeconomic近来的楼房墙体采用实心砖，屋顶采用水泥或者砖conditionsinthevillage,eliminatingtheneedofusingelectricityforlightinginthe瓦，窗户也采用了铝合金单层玻璃。房屋气密性较好，冬daytime;orvillagersuselampbulbswithalesswattage.Andthistypeofbuildingstructureismuchcoolerinsummer.村民房屋建筑结构情况列表用户住宅形式面积（m2）建造时间（年）墙体材料屋顶材料窗户形式／单层玻璃采暖1瓦房1701943土坯瓦木头薪柴2瓦房3001977土坯瓦木头薪柴3二层楼房3002001实心砖砖瓦、水泥铝合金煤炭4二层楼房2001985实心砖水泥铝合金煤炭5瓦房2501980土坯瓦木头煤炭、薪柴ArchitecturdstructureofVillagers'HousesUserTypeofresidenceArea（m2）Constructiontime(Year)WallmaterialRoofmaterialWindowtypess/singleglassHeating1tile-roofedhouse1701943adobetilewoodfirewood2tile-roofedhouse3001977adobetilewoodfirewood3two-storeybuilding3002001solidbrickbrickstiles,cementaluminumalloycoal4two-storeybuilding2001985solidbrickcementaluminumalloycoal5tile-roofedhouse2501980adobetilewoodcoal,firewood天保暖较好，屋内较亮。冬天采暖已改为煤炉方式。这也Recently,thewallsofthestoriedbuildingsadoptsolidbricks,theroofsadopt与在楼房内燃烧薪柴不便有关。cementorbrickandtile,andthewindowsusealuminumalloysingleglass.Thehousehasbetterairtightness,andkeepswarminwinter,andtheroomisbrighter.村民普遍反应：冬季室内温度较低，与室外温度并无Theheatingmethodinwinterhasbeenchangedtousingcoalstove.Thishas太大差异；夏季顶层温度太高。因此，村民对夏季制冷和冬somethingtodowiththefactthatthemethodburningfirewoodinthebuilding季取暖的要求会随着生活水平的不断提高而提高，这种保remainsunchanged.温隔热功能低的住宅在一定程度上将会增加能源的消耗。2009JANUARYCHINAHOMES125p80-127ｷ�ﾗｵ･ﾔｪ.indd1252009.1.114:31:58PM 奉献AUTODESKDEDICATIONSPECIAL3.生活用能变化的分析3.AnalysisofchangesinhouseholdenergyconsumptionThechangesofhouseholdenergyconsumptioninthevillageareinsignificant,and整体而言，该村的生活用能变化较小，农户对改变用thepeasantshouseholdshavealowdemandforhouseholdenergy.Theways能的需求不强。在制冷与照明两项中，用能方式一直未改ofenergyusageforcoolingandlightingremainchanged.Intheitemofcooking变。在做饭一项中，虽然有50户使用了沼气，但是沼气meals,although50familiesusemarshgas,thepromotionandapplicationofmarsh的推广速度缓慢。调查发现这些沼气池的建造时间跨度较gasareveryslow.Itwasdiscoveredinthesurveythattheconstructionofmarsh大。例如，用户2是在7年之前就建好了，而用户3是在gashasabiggerstretchoftime,forexample,user2builtthemarshgassevenyearsago,whileuser3builtthenewbuildingin2005,andmeanwhilebuiltmarsh2005年修建新房的同时建造了沼气池。传统能源如秸秆和gas.Traditionalenergies,suchasstrawandfuelwood,stillplayanimportantrole.In薪柴，依然发挥着重要作用。由于取暖主要依靠薪柴和煤heating,themainmaterialsarefuelwoodandcoal.Theusageofcoalbyvillagers炭，村民使用煤炭的量受价格变化影响很大，用户4、用isgreatlyinfluencedbyprices,forexample,itisreflectedinbothuser4anduser5户5都反映今年煤价上涨，都有转向薪柴取暖的愿望。thatcoalpriceisrisingthisyear,andbothofthemhavethewishofturningtofuel在沼气应用方面，有三个因素发挥着重要作用：一是经woodforheating.济能力，经济收入制约了对新能源的投入，虽然新能源有Intheaspectofbiogasapplication,threefactorsplayanimportantrole:first,诸多好处，但毕竟是一项不小的投入；二是政府的宣传和支economiccapabilityandeconomicincomerestricttheinvestmentinnewenergy,持，人们有时安于已有的能源方式，政府的宣传可以让人althoughnewenergyhasmanyadvantages,itisnotasmallinvestment;second,们认识更好的用能方式，支持的做法则能激发人们采用新thepublicationandsupportofthegovernment,peoplesometimesarecontent能源的愿望；三是实际需要，现在村民修建新房都是二层楼withtherealisticenergyutilizationpatterns,thepublicationofthegovernmentcanmakepeopletorealizethebetterenergyutilizationpatterns,thesupportcan房，由于新房是水泥地板、白墙，屋里宽敞明亮，不便再motivatethewishofusingnewenergy;third,actualneeds,thenewbuildingsbuilt用薪柴来取暖，做饭也改用沼气作燃气。byvillageraretwo-storeybuildings,thenewbuildingiscementfloorandwhitewall,theroomiscapaciousandbright.Itisdifficulttousefuelwoodforheating,coolingisalsochangingintobiogas.Combustion(heating,cooking)Ash燃烧(做饭、采暖)灰Fuelwood,straw,grassReturmingtoPlantingcropsland,soil种植作物薪柴、秸秆、草还田、土喂牲口粪便FeedinglivestockFeces作农家肥Famyardmanure4.沼气利用现状4.Biogasutilization政府鼓励村民建造家庭沼气池，大力推广“粮-牲Thegovernmentencouragesthevillagerstobuildbiogasdigesters,and畜-沼气”生态农业模式，通过建设高产农田，增加粮energeticallypromotestheecologicalagriculturalmodelof'grains-livestock-食产量，把秸秆、麸皮作饲料喂牲畜，再利用牲畜粪便和biogas'.Peasantscanincreasegrainyieldbyconstructinghighyieldfarmland.部分农作物秸秆生产沼气作燃料，沼渣和沼液作肥料。Thestrawsandwheatbrancanusedtoraiselivestock,thentheexcrementof每户养殖2~3头猪，建一个8m3的沼气池，可以解决4livestockandsomecropstrawscanbeusedtoproducethebiogasasthefuel,口之家80%的生活燃料，供应0.3hm2土地所用的有机biogasresiduesandbiogasslurrycanbeusedasfertilizer.Eachhouseholdraisestwotothreepigs,buildone8m3biogasdigester,itcansolve80%livingfuelsof肥料，并改善农村卫生条件。其优惠措施是政府拨款，thefamilywithfourpeople,supplyorganicfertilizerforfarmlandof0.3hm2and单个沼气池政府补助1000元。而单个8m3沼气池平均improveruralhealthconditions.Thepreferentialpolicyisthatthegovernmentwill造价是2000元，需要个人出钱1000元。现全村共有50giveagrant;eachbiogasdigesterwillgetgovernmentsubsidiesofRMB1,000.个家庭建有沼气池。Theaverageconstructioncostofeach8m3biogasdigesterisRMB2,000,itis从村民的角度出发，已使用沼气的家庭对沼气利用表necessaryfortheindividualtoinvestRMB1,000.Nowthereare50familiesthatbuiltbiogasdigestersinthevillage.示满意。这些家庭都认为使用沼气方便干净。填料主要是秸秆、牲畜粪便，每年主要填料一次，猪粪直接流入。使Accordingtothevillagers,thefamiliesthatbuiltbiogasdigestersaresatisfiedwith用后产生的废渣运到田地里当肥料用。沼气主要用作厨房thebiogasutilization.Thesefamiliesbelievethatbiogasutilizationisconvenientand的燃气。clean.Thefillingismainlystrawandlivestockexcrement,thefillingshouldbefilled126CHINAHOMESJANUARY2009p80-127ｷ�ﾗｵ･ﾔｪ.indd1262009.1.114:31:58PM 而没有建沼气池的农户对此积极性不高。用户onceinayear,pigmanurewillflowdirectly.Theprocessoffillingistotransporttothe1、4、5则认为使用沼气没必要，原因在于当地薪柴丰farmlandasthefertilizer.Thebiogasismainlyusedtocooking.富、经济条件有限、沼气改造不方便等。沼气应用有Butthepeasantswhodidnotconstructbiogasdigestersarelesskeenonit.Users1,限，除了做饭，并不能解决冬季取暖等问题。沼气池4and5thinkthatitisunnecessarytousebiogas;thereasonisthatlocalfuelwoodis的维护和使用对一般村民来讲有难度。调查中，建有adequate,theeconomicconditionislimited,andthebiogastransformationisnot沼气池的用户3认为，政府在沼气池建好以后未继续convenient.Inaddition,thebiogasutilizationisverylimited;itcannotsolveheating给予支持，自己遇到困难时很难及时得到帮助。另外inwinterexceptcookingmeals.Themaintenanceanduseofbiogasisdifficulttocommonvillagers.Inthesurvey,user3whohasbiogasbelievesthatafterthebiogas的原因是：沼气池的建设工程复杂，农户无法长期为沼isconstructed,thegovernmentdoesn’tgivesupportcontinuously,itisverydifficult气池提供大量原料。最主要的原因是每到雨季，当地tosolvepromptlywhilehecomesacrossdifficulties.Otherreasonsarethatthe容易发生洪灾，河水几乎能淹没村庄。沼气池一旦被constructionprojectofbiogasiscomplicated,anditcannotproviderawmaterials水淹没，就无法使用，必须再投资重建，因此以前建inthelongrun.Theprimaryreasonisthatitwillfloodeasilywhenitisrainyseason,the有沼气池的多数居民放弃了这一环保做法。riverwaterwillalmostsubmergethevillage.Oncethebiogasdigesterissubmergedbythewater,itcannotbeusedandhastoberebuilt.Therefore,mostresidentswhobuiltbiogasdigestersbeforegiveuptheenvironmentalprotectionscheme.成功案例：Successfulcases:该村村民周学云一家，是沼气合理使用的成功范例。该户主要从事豆筋家庭作坊式生产。每天制豆筋ThefamilyofvillagerZhouXueyunisasuccessfulcaseofutilizingbiogas.Thefamilymainlyworksontheproductionofbeangluteninthefamilyworkshopand产残渣25千克左右，配以新鲜蔬菜，作为11头猪(everyday,theyproducesabout25kgofbeandregs,which,mixedwithfresh调查时数据，包括2头母猪，9头仔猪)的饲料，猪的vegetables,canserveasfeedforelevenpigs(datavalidduringthesurvey:2sows排泄物每2~4天投进沼气池，产出的沼气作为做饭和and9piglets);theexcrementsofthepigswillbeputintothebiogasdigesterevery制豆筋的燃料，形成一个能源循环利用模式——“猪twotofourdays,andtheproducedbiogascanbeusedasthefuelforcooking+沼+豆筋”三位一体的模式（见下图所示意）。全andmakingbeangluten,thusforminganenergyrecyclingmodel,namelythe'pig+biogas+beangluten'–trinity(Seethefollowingdiagram);thewasteproduced过程废弃物极少，沼气池建好近两年来，还没有出过inthewholeprocessislittle.Overtwoyearssincethebiogasdigesterwasbuilt,no废渣。经济效益可观，每年纯收入在20000元以上。wastedregshavebeenproduced.Theeconomicbenefitisconsiderable,withan这是一个节能、无废弃物、无污染的模式，以annualincomeofoverRMB20,000.沼气为纽带，沼气作为主要生活能源和生产用能，同时猪的排泄物产生残渣少，产气量大，实现“变废为Thisisanenergy-savingmodelthatproducesneitherwasteresiduenorpollution.Ittakesbiogasasligament.Andbiogasisthemainhouseholdenergyandproductionenergy宝”，值得推广和应用。现在村内已经另有2户也在use.Inthemeantime,theexcrementsofthepighavefewresidues,theycanproduce开始采用“猪+沼+豆筋”三位一体的模式。随着沼agreatamountofgasandrealize'Ma'erkangwasteprofitable',itisworthbeing气的推广，将会有更多村民参与这一产业。promotedandapplied.Nowtwousersinthevillagehaveadoptedthe'pig+biogas+beangluten'--trinity.Thebeanglutenhasbrightmarketprospects,andthemodelsofpig,toiletandbiogas,pig,biogasandvegetable,pig,biogasandfruit,pig,biogasandfishalsohavebroaddevelopmentprospects;theexcrementsofpoultryandlivestockcanbeusedasrawmaterials,andexcrementscanbeprocessedintobiogas;biogasresiduesandbiogasslurrycanusedasfertilizertobeappliedinfarmlands,orchards,fishpondsetc,thuspromotingpoultrybreeding.Andalongwiththepromotionofbiogas,therewillbemorevillagersparticipatingintheindustry.BeandregsRaisingpigs制豆筋残渣养猪Biogas沼气ExcrementofpigsCooking,Bean猪粪便做饭,制豆筋“猪+沼+豆筋”三位一体模式‘Pig+Biogas+BeanGhuten’TrinityModel2009JANUARYCHINAHOMES127p80-127ｷ�ﾗｵ･ﾔｪ.indd1272009.1.114:31:59PM