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1、英文原文：1.IntroductiontoMechanicsofMaterialsMechanicsofmaterialsisabranchofappliedmechanicsthatdealswiththebehaviorofsolidbodiessubjectedtovarioustypesofloading.Itisafieldofstudythatisknownbyavarietyofnames,including“strengthofmaterials”and“mechanicsofdeformablebodies.”Thesolidbodi
2、esconsideredinthisbookincludeaxially-loadedbars,shafts,beams,andcolumns,aswellasstructuresthatareassembliesofthesecomponents.Usuallytheobjectiveofouranalysiswillbethedeterminationofthestresses,strains,anddeformationsproducedbytheloads;ifthesequantitiescanbefoundforallvaluesofloa
3、duptothefailureload,thenwewillhaveobtainedacompletepictureofthemechanicalbehaviorofthebody.Theoreticalanalysesandexperimentalresultshaveequallyimportantrolesinthestudyofmechanicsofmaterials.Onmanyoccasionswewillmakelogicalderivationstoobtainformulasandequationsforpredictingmecha
4、nicalbehavior,butatthesametimewemustrecognizethattheseformulascannotbeusedinarealisticwayunlesscertainpropertiesofthematerialareknown.Thesepropertiesareavailabletousonlyaftersuitableexperimentshavebeenmadeinthelaboratory.Also,manyproblemsofimportanceinengineeringcannotbehandlede
5、fficientlybytheoreticalmeans,andexperimentalmeasurementsbecomeapracticalnecessity.Thehistoricaldevelopmentofmechanicsofmaterialsisafascinatingblendofboththeoryandexperiment,withexperimentspointingthewaytousefulresultsinsomeinstancesandwiththeorydoingsoinothers.SuchfamousmenasLeo
6、nardodaVinci(1452-1519)andGalileoGalilei(1564-1642)madeexperimentstodeterminethestrengthofwires,bars,andbeams,althoughtheydidnotdevelopanyadequatetheories(bytoday’sstandards)totheirtestresults.Bycontrast,thefamousmathematicianLeonhardEuler(1707-1783)developedthemathematicaltheor
7、yofcolumnsandcalculatedthecriticalloadofacolumnin1744,longbeforeanyexperimentalevidenceexistedtoshowthesignificanceofhisresults.Thus,Euler’stheoreticalresultsremainedunusedformanyyears,althoughtodaytheyformthebasisofcolumntheory.Theimportanceofcombiningtheoreticalderivationswith
8、experimentallydeterminedpropertiesofmaterialswi
