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1、附录A英文资料SimulationModelingandAnalysisThenatureofsimulationThisisapaperabouttechniquesforusingcomputerstoimitate,orsimulate,theoperationsofvariouskindsofreal-worldfacilitiesorprocesses.Thefacilityorprocessofinterestisusuallycalledasystem,andinordertostudyitscientificallyweoftenhavetomakeasetofa
2、ssumptionsabouthowitworks.Theseassumptions,whichusuallytaketheformofmathematicalorlogicalrelationships,constituteamodelthatisusedtotrytogainsomeunderstandingofhowthecorrespondingsystembehaves.Iftherelationshipsthatcomposethemodelaresimpleenough,itmaybepossibletousemathematicalmethods(suchasal
3、gebra,calculus,orprobabilitytheory)toobtainexactinformationonquestionsofinterest;thisiscalledananalyticsolution.However,mostreal-worldsystemsaretoocomplextoallowrealisticmodelstobeevaluatedanalytically,andthesemodelsmustbestudiedbymeansofsimulation.Inasimulationweuseacomputertoevaluateamodeln
4、umerically,anddataaregatheredinordertoestimatethedesiredtruecharacteristicsofthemodel.Asanexampleoftheuseofsimulation,consideramanufacturingcompanythatiscontemplatingbuildingalargeextensionontooneofitsplantsbutisnotsureifthepotentialgaininproductivitywouldjustifytheconstructioncost.Itcertainl
5、ywouldnotbecost-effectivetobuildtheextensionandthenremoveitlaterifitdoesnotworkout.However,acarefulsimulationstudycouldshedsomelightonthequestionbysimulatingtheoperationoftheplantasitcurrentlyexistsandasitwouldbeiftheplantwereexpanded.Applicationareasforsimulationarenumerousanddiverse.Belowis
6、alistofsomepayofproblemsforwhichsimulationhasbeenfoundtobeausefulandpowerfultool:lDesigningandanalyzingmanufacturingsystemslEvaluatingmilitaryweaponssystemsortheirlogisticsrequirementslDetermininghardwarerequirementsorprotocolsforcommunicationsnetworkslDetermininghardwareandsoftwarerequiremen
7、tsforacomputersystemlDesigningandoperatingtransportationsystemssuchasairports,freeways,ports,andsubwayslEvaluatingdesignsforserviceorganizationssuchascallcenters,fast-foodrestaurantshospitals,andpostofficeslReengineeringofbusinessprocesseslDe
