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1、LanguageandSolitude:Wittgenstein,MalinowskiandtheHabsburgDilemmaErnestGellnerCambridgeUniversityPressLanguageandSolitudeWittgenstein,MalinowskiandtheHabsburgDilemmaErnestGellner(1925±1995)hasbeendescribedas`oneofthelastgreatCentralEuropeanpolymathintellectuals.Hislastbookthrowsnewlightontw
2、oofthemostwritten-aboutthinkersoftheirtime,WittgensteinandMalinowski.Wittgenstein,arguablythemostin¯uen-tialandthemostcitedphilosopherofthetwentiethcentury,isfamousforhavingpropoundedtworadicallydifferentphilosophicalpositions.MalinowskiwasthefounderofmodernBritishsocialanthropologyandisus
3、uallycreditedwithbeingtheinventorofethnographic®eldwork,afundamentalresearchmethodthroughoutthesocialsciences.Thisbookshows,inahighlyoriginalway,howthethoughtofbothmen,andbothofWittgenstein'stwophilosophies,grewfromacommonback-groundofassumptions±widelysharedintheHabsburgEmpireoftheiryouth
4、±abouthumannature,societyandlanguage.ItisalsoaswingeingcritiqueofWittgenstein,andimplicitlythereforeofconven-tionalphilosophyaswell,forfailingtobeawareoftheseassumptions.Tyingtogetherthemeswhichpreoccupiedhimthroughouthisworkinglife,Gellner's®nalwordepitomiseshisbeliefthatphilosophy±farfro
5、m`leavingeverythingasitis'±isaboutimportanthistorical,socialandpersonalissues.ernestgellnerwasborninParisin1925,raisedinPrague,andcametoEnglandfromCzechoslovakiain1939.HestudiedatBalliolCollege,Oxford,andtaughtphilosophyinEdinburgh,beforejoiningtheSociologyDepartmentoftheLondonSchoolofEcon
6、omicsandPoliticalSciencein1949.HewasProfessorofPhilosophywithspecialreferencetoSociologyfrom1962to1984,whenhebecameWilliamWyseProfessorofSocialAnthropologyinCambridge.AfterretirementfromtheUniversityofCambridge,hejoinedtheCentralEuropeanUniversityinPraguewhereheestablishedandheadedaCentref
7、ortheStudyofNationalism.Hediedin1995.Hewastheauthorofmanybooks,includingWordsandThings(1959),ThoughtandChange(1964),SaintsoftheAtlas(1969),MuslimSociety(1981),NationsandNation-alism(1983),ThePsychoanalyticalMovement(1985),Plough,SwordandBook(1988),Postmodernis
