AP-微观经济学讲义-供求1.pdf

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1、APEconomicsChapter3EconomicSystems-ByJacindaJia1FundamentalEconomicIssuesEachnationmustdecidewhatisthebestwaytousetheresourcesatitsdisposal.Oneofthemostfundamentalquestionsanyeconomywillhavetoaddressiswhatshouldbeproducedgivenitsresources.2TheEconomicProblemThatEverySocietyMustSolveTrade-of

2、fTheideathatbecauseofscarcity,producingmoreofonegoodorservicemeansproducinglessofanothergoodorservice.Threefundamentalquestions:¾Whatgoodsandserviceswillbeproduced?¾Howmuchofeachgoodandserviceshouldbeproduced?¾Whowillgethowmuchofeachgoodandservice?3StrategiesforaddressingeconomicQuestions3b

3、asicwaystoaddresstheeconomicquestionsGovernmentcommandsCapitalismAblendofgovernmentcommandsandcapitalism43basicwaystoaddresstheeconomicquestions1.ThecommandeconomyCentralgovernmentdictatesa.whatwillorwillnotbeproducedb.howmuchofeachitemistobeproducedc.whoistogethowmanyofthefinalproducts53ba

4、sicwaystoaddresstheeconomicquestionsCommandEconomyCubaandNorthKoreaareexamplesofnationsthatrelyheavilyonthecommandsystem.Thetermscommunismandsocialismaresometimesusedtodescribeeconomiesthatusecentralcommandstoaddressthefundamentaleconomicquestions.TheCubaneconomyisnotapurecommandeconomy.Som

5、ehouseholdsandfirmsselltheirexcessproductioninmarketswherepricesarenotfixedbythegovernment,i.e.the“blackmarket”.63basicwaystoaddresstheeconomicquestions2.CapitalismAneconomicsystemwheresupplyanddemanddetermineprices,andthesepricescoordinatetheeconomy.Thepricescoordinatetheeconomybyresolving

6、whatandhowmuchwillbeproduced.Supplyanddemandwillalsodetermineaperson’sincomeandthereforehowmuchoftheproductionthepersoncanobtainforhisorherownuse.Justtherightgoodsandservicesareproducedinjusttherightamounts.Thisisknownas“allocativeefficiency”ineconomicjargon.73basicwaystoaddresstheeconomicq

7、uestions2.CapitalismPricedeterminationPricesincapitalisteconomiesaredeterminedbysupplyanddemand.Thelawofdemandstatesthatwhenthepriceofaproductincreasesthequantitydemandeddecreases,ceterisparibus(allotherthingsremainingunchanged).83basicwaystoaddresstheec