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1、量子力学诠释与测量问题王文阁近代物理系,USTCOutlineI.几点历史评论II.量子力学形式体系III.纠缠及几个悖论VI.测量问题V.关于量子力学诠释的几个学派References:M.Schlosshauer,Rev.Mod.Phys.76,1267(2005).W.H.Zurek,Rev.Mod.Phys.75,715(2003).A.BassiandG.C.Ghirardi,Phys.Rep.379,257(2003).F.Laloë,Am.J.Phys.69,655(2001).R.Omnès,Rev.Mod.Phys.64,
2、339(1992).I.SomehistoricalremarksAbout30yearsago,probablyasaresultofthefamousdiscussionsbetweenBohr,Einstein,Schrödinger,Heisenberg,Pauli,deBroglie,andothers,themajorityofphysiciststhoughtthattheso-called“Copenhageninterpretation”istheonlysensibleattitudeforgoodscientist.N
3、owadays,theattitudeofphysicistsismuchmoremoderateforseveralreasons:(1)Moreconsistinterpretationshavebeenfound.(2)ThediscoveriesandideasofBell.(3)Advancesinexperimentaltechniquesmakesitpossibleforfinecontrolofquantumsystems.Historyoffundamentalquantumconcepts–threeperiods.P
4、eriod1.Planck–finitegrainsofenergyinemittingandabsorbingradiation,andtheconstanthbearinghisname.Einstein–notionofquantumoflight(photonasnamedmuchlater).Bohr–quantized,permittedorbitsandquantumjumpsforatoms.MaxPlanckPlanck,Max(1858-1947)Germanphysicistwhoformulatedanequatio
5、ndescribingtheblackbodyspectrumin1900.WienandRayleighhadalsodevelopedequations,butWien'sonlyworkedathighfrequencies,andRayleigh'sonlyworkedatlowfrequencies.Planck'sspectrumwasobtainedbypostulatingthatenergywasdirectlyproportionaltofrequency(E=hν).Planckbelievedthatthisquan
6、tizationappliedonlytotheabsorptionandemissionofenergybymatter,nottoelectromagneticwavesthemselves.However,itturnedouttobemuchmoregeneralthanhecouldhaveimagined.AlbertEinsteinMarch1905EinsteinsenttotheAnnalenderPhysikapaperwithanewunderstandingofthestructureoflight.Heargued
7、thatlightcanactasthoughitconsistsofdiscrete,independentparticlesofenergy,insomewaysliketheparticlesofagas.Hisrevolutionaryproposalseemedtocontradicttheuniversallyacceptedtheorythatlightconsistsofsmoothlyoscillatingelectromagneticwaves.ButEinsteinshowedthatlightquanta,ashec
8、alledtheparticlesofenergy,couldhelptoexplainphenomenabeingstudiedbyexperimentalphysicists
