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1、OUPUNCORRECTEDPROOF–FIRSTPROOFS,FriDec212012,NEWGEN2.7TheNewPuzzleofTheoryofMindDevelopmentREBECCASAXEumanchildrenmakearemarkablediscov-triedaskinga3-year-oldthiskindofquestion,IHery:Otherpeoplehaveminds,similartobutstronglyencourageit.Itisastonishingtowatchadisconnectedfromtheirown.Otherpeopl
2、eseebright,articulate,verbalchildcon$dentlypredictaslightlydi!erentworld;havedi!erentdesires,thatshewilllookforthemilkonthetable,andifpreferences,andvalues;andhavedi!erentknowl-sheislookinginthefridge,shemustnotwanttheedgeorbeliefsfromtheirown."atis,otherpeo-milk.Five-year-oldchildren,bycontra
3、st,usuallyple’smindscontainrepresentationsoftheworldpredictthatshewilllookinthefridge,becausethatareo#entrueandreasonablebutmaybethat’swhereshethinksthemilkis(Wellman,perverse,incomplete,oreventotallyfalse."isCross,&Watson,2001).discoveryhelpschildrentomakesenseofsome"ispro$leofdevelopmentalch
4、angeinchil-otherwisemystifyingbehavior:whymomwoulddren’s"eoryofMindissoreliable,acrossmeth-eatbroccolieventhoughthereischocolatecakeodsandacrosscultures(e.g.,Avis&Harris,1991;available(e.g.,Repacholi&Gopnik,1997),forLiu,Wellman,Tardif,&Sabbagh,2008;Wellman,example,orwhysheislookingforthemilkin
5、theCross,&Watson,2001),thatithasbecomediag-fridgeeventhoughdadjustputitonthetable(e.g.,nosticoftypicalhumansocialdevelopment.Wimmer&Perner,1983).BeyondsimpleactionChildrenwithautismspectrumdisorders,forunderstanding,though,inferencesaboutwhatexample,arespeci$callydelayedinunderstandingotherpeo
6、pleknow,want,orbelieve(collectivelyfalsebeliefs(e.g.,Baron-Cohen,Leslie,&Frith,calleda“"eoryofMind”;Gopnik&Wellman,1985;Leslie&"aiss,1992;Peterson,Wellman,1992)informchildren’sgrowingunderstanding&Liu,2005).Andnonhumananimals,inspiteofofmanyaspectsofhumansociallife:empathy,richsocialcognitioni
7、notherrespects,neverquitemorality,deception,metaphor,irony,and$ctionreachafulland%exibleunderstandingoffalse(e.g.,Baird&Astington,2004;Capelli,Nakagawa,beliefs(e.g.,Kaminski,Call,&Tomasello,2008;&Madden,1990;Peterson,Wellman,&Liu,2005;S