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1、Introduction1.ThoreauandWaldenHenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)isamongthemosteminentAmericanwritersinthenineteenthcentury.Forhistranscendentalistthoughtsandpractices,hehasbeenclaimedasaleadingTranscendentalist.Forhisvividdescriptionofnature,hehasbeenrefer
2、redtoasanaturalist.Forhisadvocationofindividualresistancetocivilgovernment,hehasbeentermedasanindividualanarchist.Throughouthislifeheworkedhardtopolishhiscraftasapoet,anessayistandaprosewriter.Hisrestlessexperimentationwithlanguageandmeaninghasmadehi
3、mawriterofadistinctivestylethatinterestsmanyresearchers.ThoreauisbestknownforhisbookWalden,orLifeintheWoods(1854),areflectionuponsimpleliving,socialexperimentandspiritualdiscovery,andhisessay,“CivilDisobedience”,anargumentforindividualstopreventthego
4、vernment,theagentofinjustice,fromoverrulingtheirconsciences.However,likequiteanumberofwriters,Thoreau’svalueisnotrecognizeduntilhisdeath.Hisbooks,journals,essays,andpoetrytotalover20volumes,butonlytwogotpublishedduringhislifetime,namely,AWeekontheCon
5、cordandMerrimackRivers(1849)andWalden.Thedrearysalesvolumeofthetwobooksfurtherprovedhisunpopularity.FormostofthetimehereceivedcriticismsfromhiscontemporariesliketheAmericanwriterJamesRussellLowellandtheBritishwriterRobertLouisStevenson,whothoughtThor
6、eauwasanimitatorofEmerson,anamateurishnaturalistandawilddawdler.Laterhewasreevaluated,especiallyinthetwentiethcentury.Hisworksnotonlymakehimself“aculturalicon”formodernAmericans,butalsoinfluencemanypeopleallovertheworld,includingsocialistslikeMohanda
7、sK.Gandhi,MartinLutherKing,Jr.andliteraryfigureslikeCountLeoTolstoy.WaldeniswidelyacceptedasThoreau'smostfamouswork.OnJuly4,1845,ThoreauwenttolivealoneatWaldenPond,andtwoyearsandtwomonthslaterhemovedbacktoConcord.LaterhebegantowriteWalden,thematerial
8、ofwhichmainlyderivedfromthejournalshehadkept.Andthenherevisedthedrafteight1timesbeforepublication.Thebookfaithfullyrecordshislifeandhisreflectionsonvarioussubjectssuchasnature,societyandsimpleliving.ButWaldendidnotwinhimfameimmediately;itsoldonlytwoh
