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1、..附录【原文】UpgradinginGlobalValueChainsTheaimofthispaperistoexplorehowsmall-andmedium-sizedLatinAmericanenterprises(SMEs)mayparticipateinglobalmarketsinawaythatprovidesforsustainablegrowth.Thismaybedefinedasthe‘‘highroad’’tocompetitiveness,contrastingwiththe‘‘lowroad,’’typicaloffir
2、msfromdevelopingcountries,whichoftencompetebysqueezingwagesandprofitmarginsratherthanbyimprovingproductivity,wages,andprofits.Thekeydifferencebetweenthehighandthelowroadtocompetitivenessisoftenexplainedbythedifferentcapabilitiesoffirmsto‘‘upgrade.’Inthispaper,upgradingreferstoth
3、ecapacityofafirmtoinnovatetoincreasethevalueaddedofitsproductsandprocesses(Humphrey&Schmitz,2002a;Kaplinsky&Readman,2001;Porter,1990).CapitalizingononeofthemostproductiveareasoftherecentliteratureonSMEs,werestrictourfieldofresearchtosmallenterpriseslocatedinclusters.Thereisnowaw
4、ealthofempiricalevidence(Humphrey,1995;Nadvi&Schmitz,1999;Rabellotti,1997)showingthatsmallfirmsinclusters,bothindevelopedanddevelopingcountries,areabletoovercomesomeofthemajorconstraintstheyusuallyface:lackofspecializedskills,difficultaccesstotechnology,inputs,market,information
5、,credit,andexternalservices.Nevertheless,theliteratureonclusters,mainlyfocusedonthelocalsourcesofcompetitivenesscomingfromintraclusterverticalandhorizontalrelationshipsword资料..generating‘‘collectiveefficiency’’(Schmitz,1995),hasoftenneglectedtheincreasingimportanceofexternallink
6、ages.Duetorecentchangesinproductionsystems,distributionchannels,andfinancialmarkets,andtothespreadofinformationtechnologies,enterprisesandclustersareincreasinglyintegratedinvaluechainsthatoftenoperateacrossmanydifferentcountries.Theliteratureonglobalvaluechains(GVCs)(Gereffi,199
7、9;Gereffi&Kaplinsky,2001)callsattentiontotheopportunitiesforlocalproducerstolearnfromthegloballeadersofthechainsthatmaybebuyersor1word资料..producers.Theinternalgovernanceofthevaluechainhasanimportanteffectonthescopeoflocalfirms’upgrading(Humphrey&Schmitz,2000).Indeed,extensiveevi
8、denceonLatinAmericarevealsthatboththelocalandth
