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1、晋国论文：春秋晋国知氏研究【中文摘要】春秋时期社会政治格局变迁的总趋势是公室政权由盛而衰,而私室由于自身实力的提高则逐渐秉持列国国政。从某种意义上而言,春秋卿族的盛衰已成为周代宗法封建政治体制变迁的历史缩影。其中,晋国知氏卿族的兴亡即为三百余年春秋社会政治变迁的典型个案。晋国自曲沃代翼始,经多次翦灭公族,终使非公室贵族成为晋国政治舞台的主角。随着君权的衰落,非公室卿族势力终成权势赫然的强卿巨室,最后出现了三家分晋,致使晋国灭亡。知氏作为非公室卿族在此历史进程中异军突起,在春秋中晚期晋国卿族政治中从小到
2、大、由弱而强,到知瑶之时已权倾晋国,俨然为一诸侯。然而由于种种机缘,在知氏势力发展至巅峰之时,却遭致灭族亡家之命运。由此可见,知氏卿族的兴衰这一个案实蕴含着极为丰富的社会政治寓意,在战国以降史鉴意识勃兴的背景下,历代史家及史著甚至将其作为上古与中古政治体制转型及历史进程的重要标识。如先秦典籍《左传》、《国语·晋语》皆以知氏灭亡作为相关撰述的结篇,秦汉以降如《资治通鉴》等文献亦多以其作为开篇,以作后人鉴戒。由此可见,对相关问题的探讨显具重要的学术价值。本文正是基于以上视角,对知氏兴衰及其体现的相应历史时
3、期的社会政治意涵进行论述。全文除了引言和结语外,共分为四章。第一章,主要通过对知氏起源及世系问题的探讨,试图【英文摘要】It’sageneraltrendthatsocial-politicalpatterninSpringandAutumnPeriodwasthevicissitudesofofficeregimefromrisetofall,whilethepowerofsomeministersgraduallybecameupliftmentbecauseofitsownreinforceme
4、ntstrengthenandtookthehelmofthestates.Insomesense,theupsanddownsoftheminister-familyinSpringandAutumnhasbecomethevicissitudesofpoliticalsystemchangesinfeudalpatriarchalZhoudynastyhistoryasaminiature.Insomesense,theupsanddownsoftheminister-familyinSpring
5、andAutumnhasbecomethevicissitudesofpoliticalsystemchangesinfeudalpatriarchalZhoudynastyhistoryasaminiature.Amongthem,theZhi-familyofJinwasknownasthetypicalcaseinthe300yearsofsocialandpoliticalchangeinSpringandAutumnperiod.SincethebeginningofQuWo-generat
6、ioninJin,officeregimewasannihilatedmanytimes,andfinallynon-GongZunoblebecametheprotagonistonthepoliticalstageinJin.Withthedecadenceoftheregality,non-GongZunoblehadfinallycameintomajorclient,ultimatelyappearedthesocialphenomenonthatJinwasdividedamongHan-
7、Zhao-Wei,ledtothedestructionofJin.Inthishistoricalprocess,asnon-GongZunoble,theZhi-familyofJinsuddenlybecameanew-risingforce,expandedfromasmalltoalargeforceamongthenoblesinthemiddle-andlateSpringandAutumnperiod,bytheperiodofYaohascontrolledthewholeregim
8、eofJin,peremptoryasaJingovernorsHowever,duetovarious’sforcesoccasionally,whenthepowerofZhiuptothepeak,sufferedfromthefateofnationconqueredandraceextinct.Therefore,fromthecaseofZhi-family’sriseandfall,theincidentcontainsabundantso
