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1、《普通生态学》一、Pleaseexplainthefollowingterms(3pointseach,18pointstotally).[名词解释,每个3分,共18分]（1）Introductionecology（生态学）（2）autoecologyniche（生态位）fundamentalniche（基础生态位）competitiveexlusionprinciple（竞争排斥原理）fitness（适合度）environment（环境）Liebig’slawofminimum（利比希最小因子定律）Shelford’slawoftolera
2、nce（谢尔福德的“耐受性定律”）ecologicalvalenceoramplitude（生态价、生态幅、耐性限度）lawoflimitingfactor（限制因子定律）VantHoff’slaw（范霍夫定律或Q10定律）developmentalthresholdtemperature（发育起点温度）lawofeffectivetemperature（有效积温法则）（3）populationecologyPopulation（种群）ecologicalinvasion（生态入侵）innatecapacityofincrease(orint
3、rinsicrateofincrease)[内禀增长率]densitydependence（密度制约）densityindependence（非密度制约）agestructure（年龄椎体或年龄金字塔）Survivorshipcurve（存活曲线）ecologicalnatality（生态出生率）ecologicalmortality（生态死亡率）maximumnatality（最大出生率）minimummortality（最低死亡率）ecologicalstrategy（生态对策）（4）communityecologypioneerspec
4、ies（先锋物种）climax（顶级群落）bioticcommunity（生物群落）communitysuccession（群落演替）growthform（生长型）lifeform（生活型）ectone（群落交错区）：edgeeffect（边缘效应）：speciesdiversity（物种多样性）：dominantspecies（优势种）functionalgroup(guild)（同资源种团或功能团）：（5）ecosystembiomass（生物量）primaryproduction（初级生产）biogeochemicalcycle（生物地
5、化循环）ecosystem（生态系统）：biosphere（生物圈）：ecologicalpyramid（生态椎体或生态金字塔）foodchain（食物链）foodweb（食物网）trophiclevel（营养级）Ⅱ.PuttheappropriateecologicaltermsintotheBlankinordertomakethesentencemeaningful(onepointeachblank,10pointstotally).[填空题,每空1分，共10分]（1）introductionHumanbeingareconfront
6、edwiththefivecrisissuchas,food,,,environment.Dividedbytheorganizationlevels,theecologyincludemolecularecology,autoecology,ecology,ecology,ecology,ecology,globalecology.Dividedbythehabitat,ecologyincludeterrestrialecology,ecology,estuaryecology,ecology,etc.Dividedbytheorgani
7、sms,ecologyincludeecology,ecology,andmicroorganismecology.Classicecologyincludeautoecology,,,,andecosystemecology.（2）autoecologyThewaysoftolerancetoextremelylowtemperatureare,,.Thespatialdistributionpatternsofapopulation(种群的空间分布格局)includeevendistribution(均匀分布),distribution,
8、anddistribution.（3）populationecologyThetypesofnaturalselectioninclude,directionals
