经济学原理概念解释.docx

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1、1GettingStartedScarcity【稀缺】Scarcityistheconditionthatarisesbecausewantsexceedstheabilityofresourcestosatisfythem.Facedwithscarcity,wemustmakechoices—wemustchooseamongtheavailablealternatives.Thechoiceswemakedependontheincentivesweface.EconomicsDefined【经济学定义】Economicsisthesocialscienceth

2、atstudiesthechoicesthatindividuals,businesses,governments,andentiresocietiesmakeastheycopewithscarcity,theincentivesthatinfluencethosechoices,andthearrangementsthatcoordinatethem.Economicsdividesintotwoparts:【经济学分类】1Microeconomics:Thestudyofthechoicesthatindividualsandbusinessesmakeandt

3、hewaythesechoicesinteractandareinfluencedbygovernments.2Macroeconomics:Thestudyoftheaggregate(ortotal)effectsonthenationaleconomyandtheglobaleconomyofthechoicesthatindividuals,businesses,andgovernmentsmake.Twobigeconomicquestions:【两个经济学问题】•Howdochoicesdeterminewhat,how,andforwhomgoodsan

4、dservicesgetproduced?•Whendochoicesmadeinself-interestalsopromotethesocialinterest?Atradeoff【取舍】isanexchange—givinguponethingtogetsomethingelse.Opportunitycost【机会成本】isthebestthingthatyoumustgiveuptogetsomething—thehighest-valuedalternativeforgone.Benefit【收益】isthegainorpleasurethatsometh

5、ingbrings.Benefitismeasuredbywhatyouarewillingtogiveup.Arationalchoice【理性选择】isachoicethatusestheavailableresourcestobestachievetheobjectiveofthepersonmakingthechoice.Achoicemadeatthemargin【边际】isachoicemadebycomparingalltherelevantalternativessystematicallyandincrementally.MarginalCostMa

6、rginalcost【边际成本】istheopportunitycostofaone-unitincreaseinanactivity.Marginalbenefit【边际收益】iswhatyougainwhenyougetonemoreunitofsomething.Anincentive【激励】isarewardorapenalty—a“carrot”ora“stick”—thatencouragesordiscouragesanaction.Aneconomicmodel【经济学模型】isadescriptionofsomefeatureoftheeconomi

7、cworldthatincludesonlythosefeaturesassumednecessarytoexplaintheobservedfacts.Naturalexperiments【自然实验】:Asituationthatarisesintheordinarycourseofeconomiclifeinwhichtheonefactorofinterestisdifferentandotherthingsareequal.Astatisticalinvestigationlooksforacorrelation.Correlation【相关