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1、ElectricPowerSystems.Themodernsocietydependsontheelectricitysupplymoreheavilythaneverbefore.Itcannotbeimaginedwhattheworldshouldbeiftheelectricitysupplywereinterruptedallovertheworld.Electricpowersystems(orelectricenergysystems),providingelectricityt
2、othemodernsociety,havebecomeindispensablecomponentsoftheindustrialworld.Thefirstcompleteelectricpowersystem(comprisingagenerator,cable,fuse,meter,andloads)wasbuiltbyThomasEdison–thehistoricPearlStreetStationinNewYorkCitywhichbeganoperationinSeptember
3、1882.ThiswasaDCsystemconsistingofasteam-engine-drivenDCgeneratorsupplyingpowerto59customerswithinanarearoughly1.5kminradius.Theload,whichconsistedentirelyofincandescentlamps,wassuppliedat110Vthroughanundergroundcablesystem..Withinafewyearssimilarsyst
4、emswereinoperationinmostlargecitiesthroughouttheworld.WiththedevelopmentofmotorsbyFrankSpraguein1884,motorloadswereaddedtosuchsystems.Thiswasthebeginningofwhatwoulddevelopintooneofthelargestindustriesintheworld.InspiteoftheinitialwidespreaduseofDCsys
5、tems,theywerealmostcompletelysupersededbyACsystems.By1886,thelimitationsofDCsystemswerebecomingincreasinglyapparent.Theycoulddeliverpoweronlyashortdistancefromgenerators.Tokeeptransmissionpowerlosses(I2R)andvoltagedropstoacceptablelevels,voltagelevel
6、shadtobehighforlong-distancepowertransmission.Suchhighvoltageswerenotacceptableforgenerationandconsumptionofpower;therefore,aconvenientmeansforvoltagetransformationbecameanecessity.ThedevelopmentofthetransformerandACtransmissionbyL.GaulardandJDGibbso
7、fParis,France,ledtoACelectricpowersystems.In1889,thefirstACtransmissionlineinNorthAmericawasputintooperationinOregonbetweenWillametteFallsandPortland.Itwasasingle-phaselinetransmittingpowerat4,000Voveradistanceof21km.Withthedevelopmentofpolyphasesyst
8、emsbyNikolaTesla,theACsystembecameevenmoreattractive.By1888,TeslaheldseveralpatentsonACmotors,generators,transformers,andtransmissionsystems.Westinghouseboughtthepatentstotheseearlyinventions,andtheyformedthebasisofthepresent-dayACsystems.Inthe1890s,
